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Biology PMT > 2.2 Animal Tissues, organ and systems > Flashcards

2.2 Animal Tissues, organ and systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main function of the digestive system?

A

To digest food and absorb the nutrients obtained from digestion.

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2
Q

What is the role of the pancreas and the salivary gland in the digestive system?

A

The pancreas and the salivary Gland are glands which produce digestive juices containing enzymes.

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3
Q

What is the role of the stomach in the digestive system?

A

Produces hydrochloric acid - which kills any bacteria present and provides the optimum acidic pH for the protease enzyme to function.

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4
Q

What is the role of the small intestine in the digestive system?

A

The small intestine is the site where soluble food molecules are absorbed into the blood stream

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5
Q

What is the role of the liver in the digestive system?

A

Produces bile (stored in the gallbladder) which emulsifies lipids and allows the lipase enzyme to work more efficiently.

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6
Q

What is the role of the large intestine in the large intestine in the digestive system?

A

Absorbs water from undigested food, producing faeces.

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7
Q

What is the role of enzymes in the digestive system?

A

Enzymes act as biological catalysts which speed up the rate of biological reactions (the breakdown of food) without being used up.

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8
Q

How does the shape of an enzymes affect its function?

A

Enzymes have a specific active site which is complementary to their substrate

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9
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or an organism.

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10
Q

What types of metabolic reactions do enzymes catalyse

A
  • Building larger molecules from smaller molecules e.g. glucose to starch.
  • Changing one molecule to another e.g. glucose to fructose.
  • Breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules e.g. carbohydrates to glucose
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11
Q

What is the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme function?

A

The shape of the enzyme active site and the substrate are complementary, so can bind together to form an enzyme-substrate complex.

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12
Q

How does the temperature effect enzyme action?

A

Up to a certain point, increasing temperature increases enzyme action, as molecules have a higher kinetic energy. Above a certain temperature, the shape of the active site is altered and the enzyme becomes denatured, so it can no longer catalyse the reaction. The optimum temperature is around 37’C

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13
Q

How does pH affect enzyme function?

A

The optimum pH for most enzymes is 7 (apart from proteases in the stomach). If the pH is too extreme, the shape of the active site may be altered and the enzyme may no longer work.

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14
Q

What are carbohydrates, proteases and lipases produced in the body

A

Carbohydrates: amylase - salivary gland and pancreas; maltase - small intestine.

Proteases: pepsin - stomach; others - pancreas and small intestine.

Lipase: pancreas and small intestine.

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15
Q

What is the role of carbohydrase’s in the digestive system?

A

Carbohydrase’s break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides and disaccharides. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose, and maltase breaks down maltose into glucose.

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16
Q

What is the role of proteases in the digestive system?

A

Proteases break down protein into amino acids.

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16
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker?

A

The left ventricle has to pump blood at a high pressure around the whole body.

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17
Q

How are the products of digestion used?

A

They are used to build bigger molecules such a carbohydrates and proteins. Glucose is used as a substrate in repiration.

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17
Q

What is the role lipases in digestive system?

A

Lipases break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

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18
Q

Where is bile and stored in the body?

A

Bile is made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

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18
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ that pumps blood around the body

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18
Q

What is the role of bile in the digestive system?

A

Bile is an alkaline substance which neutralises the hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach.
Bile emulsifies lipids to form droplets - this increases the surface area for the lipase enzyme work on.

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19
Q

How does the double circulatory system work?

A
  • One pathway carries blood from the heart to the lungs - where the gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
  • One pathway carries blood from the heart to the tissues
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19
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system?

A

Carries oxygen and other useful substances to body tissues and removes waster substances.

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19
Q

Where does blood pumped by the right ventricle go?

A

The lungs

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20
Q

Where does blood pumped by the left ventricle go?

A

Body tissues

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21
Q

How many chambers does the heart have and what are they called?

A

4
right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle

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21
Q

Why is the double circulatory system important?

A

It makes the circulatory system more efficient - for example, oxygenated blood can be pumped around the body at a higher pressure by the left ventricle.

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21
Q

What are the four main blood vessels associated with the heart?

A

Aorta (left) - carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

Pulmonary vein (left) - carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

vena cava (right) - carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

Pulmonary artery (right) - carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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22
Q

What is the purpose of coronary arteries?

A

Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

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22
Q

What is the approximate value of the natural resting heart rate?

A

70 beats per minutes

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22
Q

What is the purpose of valves in the heart?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood

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22
Q

Describe the process of blood flow through the heart.

A
  • Blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava, and the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
  • The atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles and causing valves to shut.
  • After the ventricles contract, blood in the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery (to the lungs) and blood in the left ventricle enters the aorta (to the body).
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23
Q

How is the heart rate controlled?

A

Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium which act as a pacemaker. They release waves of electricity activity which cause the heart muscle to contract.

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24
Q

How can an abnormal heart rhythm be treated?

A

Irregular heart rhythms can be treated using an artificial pacemaker, which sends out electrical signals to correct the heart’s rhythm

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24
Q

How are veins adapted for their function?

A

Function: carry blood towards the heart

Wide lumen - enables low pressure

Valves - prevent backflow of blood

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24
Q

What are the three types if blood vessel in the body?

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
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24
Q

How are arteries adapted for their function?

A

Function: carry blood away from the heart.

Thick muscle layer: adds strength to resist high pressure.

Thick elastic layer - allows arteries to stretch and recoil - in order to withstand high pressure

24
Q
A
25
Q
A
25
Q

How are capillaries adapted for their function?

A
  • Function: enable transfer of substances between the blood and tissues.
  • Walls are one cell thick - short diffusion path.
  • Permeable walls - substances can diffuse across.
  • Narrow lumen - blood moves slowly - more time for diffusion.
25
Q

How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

Volume of blood / Number of minutes

25
Q

Where are lungs found in the body?

A

The lungs are located in the thorax (within the chest). They are protected by the ribcage and separated from the rest of the abdomen by the diaphragm

26
Q

What tissues make up the gas exchanged system?

A
  • Trachea
  • Intercostal Muscles
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
  • Diaphragm
27
Q

Explain how the lungs are ventilated by the action of the intercostal muscles

A
  • Intercostal muscles contract
  • Ribcage moves upwards and outwards
  • Diaphragm flattens and volume of the chest increases
  • Increased volume results in decreased pressure
  • Air is drawn into lungs down pressure gradient

The inverse occurs when air moves out of the lungs

27
Q

Describe how gas exchange occurs at the alveoli

A
  • Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillary bloodstream down its concentration gradient
  • Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillary into the alveoli down its concentration gradient.
27
Q

Describe how alveoli are adapted for gas exchanged

A
  • Small and arranged in clusters - large surface area
  • Rich blood supply - maintains concentration gradient.
  • Thin alveolar wall - short diffusion pathway.
27
Q

How can you calculate the breathing rate?

A

Number of breaths / number of minutes

28
Q

What substance carries the different components of blood around the body?

A

Plasma

29
Q

What substances are transported by plasma?

A
  • Red Blood Cells
  • White Blood Cells
  • Platelets
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Urea
  • Products of digestion
29
Q

What is plasma?

A

A yellow liquid within blood that transports substances around the body.

29
Q

What is the purpose of red blood cells in blood?

A

Transport of oxygen around the body

29
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their function?

A
  • Biconcave shape - increased surface area to volume ratio
  • No Nucleus - more room for haemoglobin to bind to oxygen.
  • Contain haemoglobin - bind to oxygen
29
Q

What is the purpose of while blood cells in blood?

A

They form part of immune system, which protects the body from invading pathogens.

29
Q

How are white blood cells adapted for their function?

A
  • Have a nucleus - contains DNA which codes for proteins
  • Can produce antibiotics
  • Can produce antitoxins
  • Can engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis)
29
Q

What is the purpose of platelets in the blood?

A

Platelets are small cell fragments which aid the clotting of blood at the site of a wound.

30
Q

Why is the function of platelets important?

A
  • Platelets aid in the process of blood clotting (conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin). As a result, red blood cells are trapped in the fibrin network, forming a clot which prevents excessive bleeding.
    Scab formation (after the clot has dried) prevents bacteria from entering the wound.
30
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

CHD occurs when the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle becomes blocked with a build-up of fatty material. This restricts the supply of oxygen to the heart, possibly leading to a heart attack or death.

30
Q

What is a stent and how does it work?

A

A stent is a mental mesh tube that is inserted into a blocked artery so that it remains open. The stent is inflated using a balloon, which is later removed to allow blood to flow freely.

30
Q

What are the advantages of a stents?

A
  • Insertion can be carried out without genetic anaesthetic
  • Quick recovery time
  • Lower the risk of a heart attack
31
Q

What are the disadvantages of a stents?

A
  • Risk of postoperative infection
  • Risk of blood clots at a site of stent
31
Q

What are statins?

A

Statins are drugs which reduce the level of LDL (bad) cholesterol which contributes to development of coronary heart disease.

32
Q

What are the advantages of statins?

A
  • Reduce risks of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks
  • Increase level of HDL (good) cholesterol
32
Q

What are the disadvantages of statins?

A
  • Have to be taken continuously
  • May have side effects
  • Effect may not be immediate
32
Q

What is heart bypass surgery?

A

A surgery where blocked coronary arteries are replaced with sections of veins taken from other parts of the body.

32
Q

What are the consequences of leaky heart valves?

A

Blood flows in the wrong direction, causing the heart to become less efficient. Patients may become breathless and die as a result.

32
Q

What types of valves can replace leaky valves?

A
  • Mechanical: made of metal or polymers
  • Biological - Taken from animals (sometimes humans)
33
Q

What are the advantages of mechanical valves?

A
  • Lasts for a very long time
33
Q

What are the disadvantages of mechanical valves?

A

Need to take medication to prevents blood clotting around the valve

33
Q

What are the advantages of biological valves?

A

Works very well - no medication needed

34
Q

What are the disadvantages of biological valves?

A

Only lasts for 12 - 15 years

34
Q

What is the purpose of an artificial heart?

A

Artificial hearts are intended to support a patient’s heart while for a suitable donor heart.

35
Q

What are the advantages of artificial hearts

A
  • Less likely to be rejected by immune system
  • Allows damaged hearts to rest during recovery
36
Q

What are the disadvantages of artificial hearts

A

Risk to infection due to surgery
- Risk to blood cells
- Have to take blood-thinning drugs

37
Q

What is health?

A

It is a state of physical and mental wellbeing

38
Q

What is communicable disease?

A

A disease caused by a pathogen which can be transmitted from one person to another e.g. the flu

39
Q

What is non-communicable disease?

A

A disease which cannot be transmitted from person to person e.g. cancer

40
Q

How can diet effect health?

A
  • Too little food/ lack of nutrition - anaemia, vitamin deficiencies
  • Too much food/ too much unhealthy food - obesity, type 2 diabetes
41
Q

How can stress effect health?

A

Prolonged stress is linked to a wide range of health problems including heart diseases, cancers and mental health issues

42
Q

How can life situations affect health?

A

Many life factors such as location, gender, financial status, ethnic group and healthcare provision can impact a person’s health

43
Q

Give examples of how health problems can interact.

A
  • Infection with certain viruses can lead to cancer e.g. hepatitis infections can lead to liver caner
  • A compromised immune system ( e.g. due to cancer) can lead to a higher risk of infection with communicable disease
44
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

is an aspect of a person’s lifestyle or a substance found in the body or the environment which can increase the risk of disease.

45
Q

How does diet affect the development of cardiovascular disease?

A
  • Diet: high levels of LDL cholesterol causes arteries to become blocked, increasing blood pressure and the risk of an heart attack.
46
Q

How does smoking affect the development of cardiovascular disease?

A

contains nicotine increasing heart rate; other chemicals damage the artery lining and increase blood pressure.

47
Q

How does exercise affect the development of cardiovascular disease?

A

Lowers blood pressure, reducing strain on the heart.

48
Q

How does obesity affect the development of type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity is strongly linked with the onset of type 2 diabetes - a disease in which the body stops responding to insulin

49
Q

How does alcohol affect liver and brain function?

A

Excessive long-term alcohol use may lead to liver cirrhosis (scarring of the liver).
Increases risk to liver cancer
Damages brain tissues and nerve cells

50
Q

How does smoking the development of lung disease and lung cancer?

A
  • Tar in tobacco can damage the alveoli of the lungs, leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

ALSO damages the cells which line the lungs, leading to lung cancer

51
Q

How do smoking and alcohol affect unborn babies?

A
  • Carbon monoxide from tobacco smoke reduces the amount of oxygen the foetus receives, which can lead to premature birth or stillbirth.
  • Alcohol passes across the placenta and damages the developing foetus. Once born, the baby may have a number of deformities and health problems as part of foetal alcohol syndrome.
52
Q

How do carcinogens affect the development of cancer?

A

Ionising radiation is type of carcinogen which can cause mutations in DNA, potentially leading to cancer.

53
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is the development of a tumour as a result of uncontrolled cell division.

54
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A
  • A tumour that is contained in one location usually within a membrane.
  • They are not cancerous and do invade other parts of the body
  • Can grow large very quickly - may cause damage to another organ.
55
Q

What is a malignant tumour

A

A tumour that can spread around the body via the blood and lymphatic system
- Can invade other tissues(Metastasis)
- Cells divide more rapidly and have a longer life span

56
Q

Give examples of factors which can lead to cancer?

A
  • Genetics - certain genes are most at risk of breast or ovarian cancer?
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Ionising Radiation - UV Light & X- rays
  • Viral infections - HPV and Cervical cancer

Biology PMT (24 decks)

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