2.2 Flashcards
Produced in response to antigenic stimulation
Gamma globulins
Antigenic stimulations
Pregnancy
Transfusion
Transplant
Bacterial and viral infection
Anti-I is produced in response to what bacteria
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Anti-i is produced in response to
Epstein Barr virus
Found at the surface of B cells
Immunoglobulins
Found in the plasma produced by plasma cells
Antibodies
What are the IgM antibodies
-A,-B,-H,-I,-i,-M,-N,-Lewis A,-Lewis B, -Lutheran A, -Lutheran B, -P, -P1, -Pk
What are the IgG antibodies
-D,-C,-c,-E,-e,-S,-s,-Kell,-Duffy,-Kidd
What are the IgA antibodies
-Le, -A,-B,-H
They are not
associated with intravascular
hemolysis, but rather extravascular
hemolysis
IgG antibodies
intravascular hemolysis. The
hemolytic transfusion reaction that
may occur is a serious reaction.
IgM antibodies
usually need a high
protein (e.g., albumin) medium as a
potentiator and AHG (antihuman
globulin) to react
IgG antibodies
do not need
potentiators. In a simple saline
solution, they’re able to react
IgM antibodies
Primary function of antibody
to bind with antigen
Secondary functions/ biological effector functions:
Complement fixation
Placental transfer
Bind on receptor sites on tissues and other cells
produced in response to
antigen stimulation from the environment whose
specificity is unknown / not definitely known (bacteria,
pollen, fungi, etc.) ; non-red cell stimulated; usually IgM
Naturally occurring antibodies
produced from red cell antigen stimulation;
IgG
Immune
antibodies against red cell antigens,
where these are differently distributed among the
members of the same species; cause specific clumping of
cells. Ex: Anti-A, Anti-B
Isoagglutinins
associated with HTR, HDN and
AIHA.
Clinically significant
ab not expected to be found in serum of
patient; present in a very small human population only
Irregular
abs that react to red cells of its own
host, as well as to red cells of other individuals; produced
through stimulation by bacterial or viral infections.
Autoantibodies
antibodies that are acquired
through transfusion of plasma
Plasma derived or passively -transferred
abs that activates the
complement, and cause red cells to lyse.
Complement fixing
ab that activates the complement when it
forms a complex with specific red cell antigen; IgM in
nature; hemolysis is produced when specific red cells are
reacted upon
Hemolysin
does not activate the
complement system;
Non complement fixing
ab that coat the red cells, and eventually
lyses them; IgM
Complete
ab that only coat the red cell; but not
capable to lyse it.
Incomplete
ab that best reacts at 37 C.
Warm antibodies
ab that best react at 4C to ambient
room temperature, (below 30C)
Cold antibodies
activated by the presence of foreign
antigen, or abnormal autoantigen.
Immune system
Cells involved in immune response
APCs (antigen presenting cells)= macrophages,
dendritic cells, monocytes
• Lymphocytes = T helper, T cytotoxic, B cells
• Natural killer, neutrophils, eosinophils,
basophils, platelets
Types of immune responses
1.Direct B cell stimulation
2. APC and T helper cell mediation 🡪
o humoral response: IgM and IgG
antibodies
o Cellular response: cytotoxicity by T cells,
NK cells
3. Complement activation (by Ab-Ag complex, or
directly by pathogens, other substances)
4. Inflammatory response
o Ab-mediated
o Inflammatory cell stimulation
incompatible blood type of fetus to that
of mother (baby’s antigen foreign to the mother) E.g.
Baby is D(+), mother is D(-)
Pregnancy
incompatible blood type between
patient (recipient) and donor blood
Transfusion
incompatible type
between patient (recipient) and donor tissue; can lead to
hyperacute rejection
Tissue or organ transplantation
autoantibodies are produced;
viral or bacterial antigens are chemically similar to certain
blood group antigens.
Bacterial, viral infection
