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criminology unit 3 > 2.2 > Flashcards

2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

DPR x 3

A
  • deterrence
  • protection
  • retribution
  • rehabilitation
  • reperation
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2
Q

deterrence definition

A
  • discourage from future offending
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3
Q

deterrence key ideas

A
  • to deter someone from doing something is to put them off
  • the fear of being caught and punished may deter people from committing crime
  • deterrence can be individual or general
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4
Q

individual deterrence

A
  • uses punishment to deter an individual from reoffending
  • punishment may convince the offender that it is not worth repeating the experience
  • Margaret Thatcher’s “short, sharp, shock” juvenile detention programmes
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5
Q

general deterrence

A
  • deters society in general from breaking the law
  • punishment teaches everyone a lesson
  • in the past this was done through public executions
  • modern = media
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6
Q

general deterrence severity vs certainty

A
  • a severe punishment will only be successful if the offender is likely to be caught
  • mild punishment may be more effective here the offenders have a greater chance to be caught
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7
Q

theory links
- right realism

A

rational choice theory
- individuals are rational actors who know the costs and benefits of crime

situational crime prevention
- target hardening

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8
Q

theory links
- social learning theory

A
  • explains general deterrence
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9
Q

criticisms of deterrence

A
  • boot camps in USA were not successful
  • prison is not effective (50% of prisoners reoffend within a year of release)
  • ignores that crime can be irrational
  • assumes potential offenders are aware of risks
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10
Q

protection definition

A
  • involves protecting the public from offenders
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11
Q

protection key ideas

A
  • incapacitation
  • imprisonment
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12
Q

incapacitation

A
  • removes the offender’s physical capacity to commit more crimes:
  • execution
  • cutting of hands to prevent stealing
  • banishment
  • curfews
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13
Q

imprisonment

A
  • takes offenders out of society/circulation
  • has influenced sentencing laws:
  • Crime (Sentence) Act 1997
  • Criminal Justice Act 2003
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14
Q

theory links
- biological theories

A

Lombroso
- impossible to change criminals as they are biologically different to non-criminals
- detaining criminals rather than rehabilitation

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15
Q

theory links
- right realists

A
  • a small number of persistent offenders are responsible for the majority of crimes
  • long prison sentences would incapacitate them and protect the public
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16
Q

criticisms

A
  • longer sentences and long-term warehousing of offenders with little hope of release. increases prison population
  • does not deal with the causes of crime
  • three strikes idea re-punishes people for past mistakes (NYC)
  • unjust as it punishes people for crimes the law assumes they will commit in the future
17
Q

retribution definition

A
  • an expression of society’s outrage at crime
18
Q

retribution key ideas

A
  • just desserts
  • proportionality
  • expressing moral outrage
19
Q

just desserts

A
  • offenders should suffer for breaching the moral code of society
20
Q

proportionality

A
  • punishments should fit the crime
  • “an eye for an eye”
  • leads to a tariff system which is a fixed scale of mandatory penalties for different offences
21
Q

expressing moral outrage

A
  • effect of retribution may be to deter offenders but it is not the main aim
  • purpose = society to express moral outrage
  • punishment is morally good, regardless of whether it changes the offender’s future behaviour
  • retribution justifies the punishments for crimes already committed
22
Q

theory link
-right realism

A
  • retribution assumes that offenders are rational actors
  • responsible for actions
    -punishment is therefore justified
23
Q

theory link
- functionalism

A

durkheim
- moral outrage expressed by society through retribution performs the function of boundary maintenance
- reminds people what is right or wron

24
Q

criticisms

A
  • offenders deserve forgiveness
  • if there is fixed tariff penalties, discretion cannot be used
  • there will be disagreement on which crimes are seen as more serious than others
25
Q

rehabilitation definiton

A
  • making offenders change their behaviour
26
Q

rehabilitation key ideas

A
  • positive change
  • treatment
  • causes
27
Q

positive change

A
  • punishment will help to change offenders so that they can go on to have a crime-free life
28
Q

treatment

A
  • this does not punish past offences but uses a variety of treatment programmes to change the future behaviours of the offender
29
Q

causes

A
  • this addressed the issues that led to their offending
30
Q

rehabilitation policies

A
  • education and training programmes
  • anger management courses
  • drug treatment and testing orders
  • support
31
Q

theory links
- individualistic theories

A

cognitive theories
- CBT
- teaches offenders to correct their thinking errors and biases that may have led them into crime

32
Q

theory link
- sociological theories

A

left realism
- favours rehabilitation as it may present an opportunity to address the social causes of crime

33
Q

criticisms

A

right realists
- argue that rehab has limited success. reoffending rates are high despite prisoners completing programmes

marxists
- programmes shift the blame onto the individual instead of the cause; capitalism

34
Q

reparation definition

A
  • this makes good the harm caused by crime
35
Q

reparation key idea

A
  • involves the offender making amends for the wrong they have done
  • harm can be material or social
36
Q

examples of reparation

A
  • financial compensation
  • unpaid work
  • restorative justice
37
Q

theory links
- labelling

A
  • allows offenders to show remorse, it also allows reintegration so prevents them being pushed into secondary deviance
38
Q

theory links
- functionalism

A

durkheim
- ability to restore things to the way they were before the crime is essential for complex modern societies to function well

39
Q

criticisms

A
  • may not work with all types of offences/offenders
  • best for minor offences
  • some regard reparation as being too soft on the offender

criminology unit 3 (9 decks)

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