21st century english - terminology Flashcards
Emoji
Emoji are pictographs of faces objects and symbols. Think of the yellow people!
Emoticons
Emoticons are punctuation marks, letters, and numbers used to create pictorial icons that generally display an emotion or sentiment e.g. :) They were used before the advent of the kind of graphics available on smartphones.
Logogram
When graphic units are associated with words/actions e.g. emoticons. x etc.
Hyperbolic/non standard punctuation
!!!!!
Expressive lengthening
Where multiple letters are used in written communication for emphasis e.g. ‘Heeeeey babe’
Initalism
A word formed from the first letters of a sequence of words pronounced letter by letter e.g., DVD, OMG
Acronym
An abbreviation formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as a word e.g. NASA, YOLO, SCUBA
Elliptical constructions
Where one or more words is omitted from a sentence but the Functions of meaning is still understand due to context e.g. “I did a full workout written / spoken and Marie did too.” Here, the sentence removes the phrase “full mode: workout” and replaces it with “too”.
Memes
Meme, unit of cultural information spread by imitation. The term meme (from the Greek mimema, meaning “imitated”) was introduced in 1976 by British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in his work The Selfish Gene.
Memes are typically humorous in nature and rely on a shared understanding. They are copied and spread rapidly, often with slight variations.
Figurative language
Use of simile/metaphor/personification.
Graphological markers to indicate prosody
For example, the use of capitalisation to mimic raised volume.
Blend
A word formed combining two or more words to create a
Blend
new word (meaning is a combination of the two originals)
e.g. frenemy = friend + enemy.
Borrowing
Introducing a loan word from one language into another
e.g. déjà vu, karaoke, pretzel
Clipping
The creation of a new word with the same word class and denotation by dropping one syllable or more (called a truncation) e.g.. Thurs, spec, flu.
Code shifting
When speakers switch between more than one language
or variety in a situation.
Neologism
A newly invented word or phrase from existing lexical items e.g.
Twisticuffs = fisticuffs + Twitter (war of words on Twitter)
Coinage
The act of inventing a new word or phrase.
Collocation
A recognisable group of words that frequently occur together e.g Good Morning
Photic collocation
A collocation which is devoid of serious content but establishes or maintains a relationship e.g Good Morning
Colloquialism
An informal word, phrase or pronunciation, often associated with informal speech
Deixis
A word or phrase (such as this, that, these, those, now, then) that points to the time, place, or situation in which language is being used.
Derivation
A term to describe words that are formed by adding affixes to create new words e.g slow+ness = slowness
Double Negative
The use of two negatives (words that mean “no”) in the same phrase or clause e.g I haven’t never
Medium
A means by which something is communicated or expressed - method/form
Exclamative
Used to express strong feelings, strong emphasis or emotion
Filler
Words, usually with no semantic value, which are inserted into speech either from habit or to give a participant thinking time as they search for a word e.g. like.
Register
A style of language used in a particular context defined in terms of mode, tenor and field. This might be formal, informal, medical, religious etc.
Semantic change
Changes in word meaning over time e.g. beef.
The Rebus Principle
In linguistics, the rebus principle is the use of existing symbols, such as pictograms, purely for. their sounds regardless of their meaning, to represent new words e.g.,
Gr8
Mixed Mode
A written form significantly influenced by informal spoken language. (The traditional boundaries between differences in 21st speech and writing have been blurred and eroded with the century language advent of hybrid texts such as text messaging, tweets. social media posts and emails.
Age and gender are particular factors that may affect the style of tweets.)
Orthography
The spelling system of a language.
Non-standard orthography
When someone’s spelling choices do not follow the rules of standard English e.g. woz instead of was
Reactive moderation
Social media posts can be checked and deleted if someone has reported the content as inappropriate/offensive. Reactive moderation relies on users to flag up content that is either in breach of guidelines or is undesirable. The members themselves become responsible for reporting content via a reporting button (usually) which files an alert to administrators or a moderator team who review the content. If in breach of the site’s rules of use, it will be removed.
Vocative/terms of address
A word used to address a person e.g Mum
Retweet
Where a user reposts some content they have seen so that their followers will see it. Companies and influencers will actively seek retweets to gain further followers and influence.
If someone retweets your message, it’s common practice to reciprocate with another unrelated tweet, direct message or, if you haven’t yet, follow. For retweeters, one unspoken rule is to attach a comment to the retweet so you’re adding value rather than piggybacking on someone else’s work.
Tag
Another name for ‘mention’. Users may be ‘tagging’ in order to gain access to the followers of other users.
Mention
Mentioning other accounts by including the @ sign followed directly by their username is called a “mention”.
Also refers to Tweets in which your @username was included.
Mute
Allows users to decide whose Tweets they see.
@ symbol
An identification marker in account names used by the system to recognise the poster, or to identify someone being talked about.
#
A topic code, added to a word or phrase to mark the theme or sentiment of a tweet often linked to a current event or news story.
Sometimes used for humour. Makes
searching for a particular topic easy and allows more people to find trending topics.
The initialism RT
‘retweet: a means of crediting an original author for a tweet that is reposted, usuall accompanied by a comment
Synchronicity
Means that users can comment on others’ tweets/threads at the same time.
