21st century english - terminology

Question 1

Emoji

Answer 1

Emoji are pictographs of faces objects and symbols. Think of the yellow people!

Question 2

Emoticons

Answer 2

Emoticons are punctuation marks, letters, and numbers used to create pictorial icons that generally display an emotion or sentiment e.g. :) They were used before the advent of the kind of graphics available on smartphones.

Question 3

Logogram

Answer 3

When graphic units are associated with words/actions e.g. emoticons. x etc.

Question 4

Hyperbolic/non standard punctuation

Answer 4

!!!!!

Question 5

Expressive lengthening

Answer 5

Where multiple letters are used in written communication for emphasis e.g. ‘Heeeeey babe’

Question 6

Initalism

Answer 6

A word formed from the first letters of a sequence of words pronounced letter by letter e.g., DVD, OMG

Question 7

Acronym

Answer 7

An abbreviation formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as a word e.g. NASA, YOLO, SCUBA

Question 8

Elliptical constructions

Answer 8

Where one or more words is omitted from a sentence but the Functions of meaning is still understand due to context e.g. “I did a full workout written / spoken and Marie did too.” Here, the sentence removes the phrase “full mode: workout” and replaces it with “too”.

Question 9

Memes

Answer 9

Meme, unit of cultural information spread by imitation. The term meme (from the Greek mimema, meaning “imitated”) was introduced in 1976 by British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in his work The Selfish Gene.
Memes are typically humorous in nature and rely on a shared understanding. They are copied and spread rapidly, often with slight variations.

Question 10

Figurative language

Answer 10

Use of simile/metaphor/personification.

Question 11

Graphological markers to indicate prosody

Answer 11

For example, the use of capitalisation to mimic raised volume.

Question 12

Blend

Answer 12

A word formed combining two or more words to create a
Blend
new word (meaning is a combination of the two originals)
e.g. frenemy = friend + enemy.

Question 13

Borrowing

Answer 13

Introducing a loan word from one language into another
e.g. déjà vu, karaoke, pretzel

Question 14

Clipping

Answer 14

The creation of a new word with the same word class and denotation by dropping one syllable or more (called a truncation) e.g.. Thurs, spec, flu.

Question 15

Code shifting

Answer 15

When speakers switch between more than one language
or variety in a situation.

Question 16

Neologism

Answer 16

A newly invented word or phrase from existing lexical items e.g.
Twisticuffs = fisticuffs + Twitter (war of words on Twitter)

Question 17

Coinage

Answer 17

The act of inventing a new word or phrase.

Question 18

Collocation

Answer 18

A recognisable group of words that frequently occur together e.g Good Morning

Question 19

Photic collocation

Answer 19

A collocation which is devoid of serious content but establishes or maintains a relationship e.g Good Morning

Question 20

Colloquialism

Answer 20

An informal word, phrase or pronunciation, often associated with informal speech

Question 21

Deixis

Answer 21

A word or phrase (such as this, that, these, those, now, then) that points to the time, place, or situation in which language is being used.

Question 22

Derivation

Answer 22

A term to describe words that are formed by adding affixes to create new words e.g slow+ness = slowness

Question 23

Double Negative

Answer 23

The use of two negatives (words that mean “no”) in the same phrase or clause e.g I haven’t never

Question 24

Medium

Answer 24

A means by which something is communicated or expressed - method/form

Question 25

Exclamative

Answer 25

Used to express strong feelings, strong emphasis or emotion

Question 26

Filler

Answer 26

Words, usually with no semantic value, which are inserted into speech either from habit or to give a participant thinking time as they search for a word e.g. like.

Question 27

Register

Answer 27

A style of language used in a particular context defined in terms of mode, tenor and field. This might be formal, informal, medical, religious etc.

Question 28

Semantic change

Answer 28

Changes in word meaning over time e.g. beef.

Question 29

The Rebus Principle

Answer 29

In linguistics, the rebus principle is the use of existing symbols, such as pictograms, purely for. their sounds regardless of their meaning, to represent new words e.g.,
Gr8

Question 30

Mixed Mode

Answer 30

A written form significantly influenced by informal spoken language. (The traditional boundaries between differences in 21st speech and writing have been blurred and eroded with the century language advent of hybrid texts such as text messaging, tweets. social media posts and emails.
Age and gender are particular factors that may affect the style of tweets.)

Question 31

Orthography

Answer 31

The spelling system of a language.

Question 32

Non-standard orthography

Answer 32

When someone’s spelling choices do not follow the rules of standard English e.g. woz instead of was

Question 33

Reactive moderation

Answer 33

Social media posts can be checked and deleted if someone has reported the content as inappropriate/offensive. Reactive moderation relies on users to flag up content that is either in breach of guidelines or is undesirable. The members themselves become responsible for reporting content via a reporting button (usually) which files an alert to administrators or a moderator team who review the content. If in breach of the site’s rules of use, it will be removed.

Question 34

Vocative/terms of address

Answer 34

A word used to address a person e.g Mum

Question 35

Retweet

Answer 35

Where a user reposts some content they have seen so that their followers will see it. Companies and influencers will actively seek retweets to gain further followers and influence.
If someone retweets your message, it’s common practice to reciprocate with another unrelated tweet, direct message or, if you haven’t yet, follow. For retweeters, one unspoken rule is to attach a comment to the retweet so you’re adding value rather than piggybacking on someone else’s work.

Question 36

Tag

Answer 36

Another name for ‘mention’. Users may be ‘tagging’ in order to gain access to the followers of other users.

Question 37

Mention

Answer 37

Mentioning other accounts by including the @ sign followed directly by their username is called a “mention”.
Also refers to Tweets in which your @username was included.

Question 38

Mute

Answer 38

Allows users to decide whose Tweets they see.

Question 39

@ symbol

Answer 39

An identification marker in account names used by the system to recognise the poster, or to identify someone being talked about.

Question 40

#

Answer 40

A topic code, added to a word or phrase to mark the theme or sentiment of a tweet often linked to a current event or news story.
Sometimes used for humour. Makes
searching for a particular topic easy and allows more people to find trending topics.

Question 41

The initialism RT

Answer 41

‘retweet: a means of crediting an original author for a tweet that is reposted, usuall accompanied by a comment

Question 42

Synchronicity

Answer 42

Means that users can comment on others’ tweets/threads at the same time.