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Biology Module 2 > 2.1.6 Cell Divison, Cell Diversity and Cellular Organisation > Flashcards

2.1.6 Cell Divison, Cell Diversity and Cellular Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the phrases of the cell cycle?

A 
Growth 1  
Synthesis       
Growth 2  
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
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2
Q

What are the 2 phases of the cell cycle? CC

A
  1. Interphase

2. Miotic

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3
Q

What happens during Growth 1? CC

A
  • Organelles replicate
  • Cell size increases
  • Protein synthesis
  • Respiration
  • G1 Checkpoint
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4
Q

What happens during Growth 2? CC

A
  • Duplicated DNA checked for errors
  • Cell size increases
  • Energy store increases
  • G2 checkpoint: DNA replication error, everything in G1
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5
Q

What happens during Synthesis? CC

A
  • Splitting cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells which will start the cell cycle
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6
Q

What happens if a checkpoint detects an error in the cell cycle?

A

Enters G0/ resting phase

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7
Q

What are reasons for entering G0 phase? (3) CC

A
  1. Differentiation- specialised cells don’t replicate
  2. DNA Damage- no longer divides
  3. Senescent cells- max. no. of division
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8
Q

What regulates the cell cycle?

A

Checkpoints

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9
Q

Why do cells need mitosis?

A
  1. Growth
  2. Repair
  3. Sexual reproduction
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10
Q

Abbreviation for the Mitosis phases?

A

PMAT

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

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11
Q

What happens during Interphase? Way to remember?

A
  • DNA = chromatin
  • DNA replicates
    I = Invisible chromosomes
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12
Q

What happens during Prophase? Way to remember? (Mitosis)

A
  • Chromatin condenses = Chromosomes visible
  • Nucleolus disappears
  • Centrioles move to poles
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
    P = centrioles to Poles
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13
Q

What happens during Metaphase? Way to remember? (Mitosis)

A
  • Spindle fibres attach to centrosomes
  • Chromosomes line up on equator
    M = middle (equator)
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14
Q

What happens during Anaphase? Way to remember? (Mitosis)

A
  • Spindle fibres shorten
  • Chromosomes divided into Chromatids
  • Chromatids are separated to either pole
    A = away to poles
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15
Q

What happens during Telophase? Way to remember? (Mitosis)

A
  • Nuclear envelopes form around daughter chromosomes/ chromatids
  • Chromosomes invisible
  • Cytokinesis
    T = Two indentical daughter chromosomes/ chromatids
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16
Q

What is Cytokinesis? Differences in plants/ animals? Way to remember? (Mitosis)

A
  • Cells separate producing two identical daughter cells
  • Animals: cleavage furrow
  • Plants: cell wall production
    C = Cleavage
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17
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

DNA wrapped around histone proteins

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18
Q

What are centrioles? Function?

A
  • Part of centrosome in cell: 2 centrioles per centrosome

- Produce spindle fibres

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19
Q

What are spindle fibres? Function?

A
  • Microtubules produced from centrioles

- Attach to centrosomes + shorten to poles

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20
Q

What is a Centromere?

A

Where chromatids are joined in a chromosome

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21
Q

What is a Chromatid?

A

Single- stranded chromosome

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22
Q

What are the 3 differences in Mitosis between animals and plants?

A
  1. (A) Centrioles (P) none
  2. (A) cells rounded before (P) no shape change
  3. (A) spindle fibres go before split (P) some spindle fibres present
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23
Q

Abbreviation for the Meiosis phases?

A

PMAT & PMAT2

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24
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

23

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25
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Nuclear division, haploid cells produced

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26
Q

What happens in Prophase I? Way to remember? (Meiosis)

A
  • Nuclear envelope & nucleolus disappears
  • Spindle fibres formed
  • Homologous pairs line up
  • Bivalents do crossing over
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27
Q

What happens in Metaphase I? Way to remember? (Meiosis)

A
  • Homologous chromosomes line up on equator

Independent assortment

28
Q

What happens in Anaphase I? Way to remember? (Meiosis)

A
  • Homologous chromosomes pairs are separated

Random segregation

29
Q

What happens in Telophase I? Way to remember? (Meiosis)

A
  • Chromosomes at either pole
  • Cytokinesis- cleavage
  • 2 haploid cells formed
30
Q

What happens in Prophase II? Way to remember? (Meiosis)

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Nuclear envelope & nucleolus disappears
  • Spindle fibres formed
31
Q

What happens in Metaphase II? Way to remember? (Meiosis)

A
  • Chromosomes line up on equator

Independent assortment

32
Q

What happens in Anaphase II? Way to remember? (Meiosis)

A
  • Random segregation of Chromatids
33
Q

What happens in Telophase II? Way to remember? (Meiosis)

A
  • Chromatids at either poles
  • Cytokinesis
  • 4 haploid daughter cells formed
34
Q

What is a homologous chromosome?

A

A chromosome with 2 chromatids; same size and DNA in same order

35
Q

What is a bivalent?

A

Two chromosomes with 4 chromatids; two homologous chromosomes crossing over and temporarily joined

36
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Homologous chromosomes exchanging codes for specific genes

37
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Chromosomes align on equator in random orientation

38
Q

What is random segregation?

A

Chromosomes align on equator in random orientation and are separated

39
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

Half number of chromosomes in nucleus

40
Q

Why are cells haploid after Meiosis I?

A

46 chromatids -> 92 chromatids -> 46 chromatids

.. technically 46 chromosomes -> 92 chromosomes -> 46 chromosomes bc centromeres are counted

41
Q

How does crossing over cause genetic variation?

A

New combination of alleles

42
Q

How does independent assortment cause genetic variation?

A

Different combination of chromosomes in haploid cell

43
Q

How does random segregation cause genetic variation?

A

Different combination of chromatids in haploid cell/ gamete

44
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Group of differentiated cells that work together; specific function

45
Q

What are the examples of tissue you need to know? (6)

A
  1. Squamous epithelium
  2. Ciliated epithelium
  3. Cartilage
  4. Skeletal muscle
  5. Xylem
  6. Phloem
46
Q

What is an organ?

A

Collection of several tissues that work together for specific function(s)

47
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Group of organs that work together to perform a function

48
Q

Smallest to largest organisation of cells?

A

Specialised -> tissue -> organ -> organ system

49
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

Differentiated cell from stem cell; structure -> specific function

50
Q

What are the examples of specialised cells you need to know? (6)

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Sperm cells
  4. Palisade cells
  5. Root hair cells
  6. Guard cells
51
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Undifferentiated cells; haven;t specialised for specific function

52
Q

Why are stem cells important in an organism?

A
  • Growth
  • Development
  • Tissue repair
53
Q

Stem cells are a source of what and why?

A
  • Undifferentiated cells

- Can do cellular division many times

54
Q

Where do blood cells in animals come from?

A

Stem cells; bone marrow

55
Q

Where do xylem vessels and phloem sieve tubes come from in plants?

A

Stem cells; meristem

56
Q

Examples of stem cells being used as medicine?

A
  • Repair damaged tissue

- Treat neurological conditions

57
Q

Why is using stem cells in medicine sometimes seen to be unethical?

A

Embryonic cells; potential life

58
Q

What is totipotent? Way to remember?

A
  • Stem cells that can specialise as any specialised cell

- Potential to be whole organism

59
Q

What is Pluripotent?

A
  • Stem cells that can specialise as any specialised cell

- No potential to be whole organism

60
Q

What is Multipotent?

A

Stem cells that can only specialise within a LIMITED range of specialised cell

61
Q

How are guard cells specialised?

A

Can increase/ decrease size determining if stoma is open

62
Q

How are root hair cells specialised?

A
  • Long, narrow -> large SA

- Large vacuole, high conc. of solute -> increase osmosis

63
Q

How are palisade cells specialised?

A
  • Lots of chloroplasts- more light = photosynthesis
  • Thin walls -> more CO2 diffusion
  • Large vacuole -> turgor pressure
64
Q

How are sperm cells specialised?

A
  • Flagella -> movement
  • Lots mitochondria -> energy for movement
  • Acrosome -> digest exterior of egg, penetration
65
Q

How are neutrophils specialised?

A
  • Multi-lobed -> fit through capillary wall gaps

- Many lysosomes -> hydrolytic enzymes (destroy pathogens)

66
Q

How are erythrocytes specialised?

A
  • Flattened bioconcave shape with no organelles -> increase SA = more oxygen carried
67
Q

2 Animal and plant examples of organ system?

A

A: digestive; respiratory
P: shoot; root

Biology Module 2 (6 decks)

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