21.6 assisted reproductive technologies

Question 1

AID

Answer 1

AID (Artificial Insemination by Donor) is a reproductive technology in which sperm from a donor is inserted into a woman’s reproductive tract, usually the uterus (IUI) or cervix, to facilitate fertilization. It is used when a male partner has infertility issues, when using a sperm donor for single women or same-sex couples, or to avoid genetic disorders. The procedure is relatively simple, non-invasive, and less expensive compared to other assisted reproductive technologies like IVF.

Question 2

endometriosis

Answer 2

Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the endometrium (the lining of the uterus) grows outside the uterus, commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and surrounding pelvic organs. This misplaced tissue responds to hormonal changes, leading to painful periods, pelvic pain, infertility, and heavy menstrual bleeding. The exact cause is unknown, but possible factors include genetics, retrograde menstruation, and immune system disorders. Treatments include pain management, hormone therapy, and surgery for severe cases.

Question 3

GIFT

Answer 3

GIFT (Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer) is a reproductive technology in which eggs and sperm are collected and placed directly into the fallopian tubes, allowing fertilization to occur naturally inside the body. This differs from IVF (In Vitro Fertilization), where fertilization happens in a lab before transferring the embryo to the uterus. GIFT is used for couples with unexplained infertility or certain religious/ethical preferences but requires functional fallopian tubes to be successful.

Question 4

ICSI

Answer 4

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ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection) is an advanced form of in vitro fertilization (IVF) where a single sperm is directly injected into an egg to facilitate fertilization. It is commonly used for severe male infertility, such as low sperm count or poor sperm motility. Once fertilization occurs, the embryo is transferred to the uterus. ICSI increases the chances of fertilization but does not guarantee implantation or pregnancy.

Question 5

infertility

Answer 5

Infertility is the inability to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse (six months for women over 35). It can result from male factors (low sperm count, poor motility), female factors (ovulation disorders, blocked fallopian tubes, endometriosis), or unexplained causes. Treatments include medications, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like IVF and IUI, and lifestyle changes.

Question 6

IVF

Answer 6

IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) is an assisted reproductive technology (ART) where eggs are retrieved from a woman’s ovaries and fertilized with sperm in a laboratory. The resulting embryo(s) are then transferred to the uterus to achieve pregnancy. IVF is used for various infertility causes, including blocked fallopian tubes, male infertility, endometriosis, or unexplained infertility. It often involves hormonal treatments to stimulate egg production and may include ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection) for severe male infertility.