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Biology AS- Chapter 2.1- Cell Structure > 2.1.4- The Ultrastructure Of Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

2.1.4- The Ultrastructure Of Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

There are _____ in the nuclear envelope of the nucleus.

A

Pores

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2
Q

At the centre of the nucleus lies the _______

A

Nucleolus

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3
Q

Where is RNA found within cells?

A

The nucleolus

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4
Q

The nucleolus does not have a ________ whereas the nucleus does.

A

Membrane

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5
Q

Chromatin is the genetic of the cell that consists of…

A

DNA wound around histone proteins.

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6
Q

When the cell is not dividing, explain how chromatin (found in the nucleus) is arranged.

A

The chromatin is spread out and extended.

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7
Q

When the cell is about to divide, explain how the spread out chromatin in the nucleus changed.

A

The chromatin tightly could and condenses into chromosomes that make up nearly all of the genome of the cell.

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8
Q

What is the main function of the nuclear envelope that is around the nucleus?

A

To separate the contents of the nucleus and the rest of the cell.

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9
Q

Explain how regions can form in the nuclear membrane that are not pores but allow some dissolved substances like ribosomes to pass through.

A

The inner and outer membrane of the nuclear (double) membrane fuse together.

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10
Q

Explain what the pores in the nuclear envelope of the nucleus do.

A

They allow larger substances like mRNA to leave and some substances like steroid hormones to enter the nucleus. They allow things to pass through the nucleus that are too large to pass through fused regions of the envelope.

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11
Q

The nucleus’ nucleolus us where what other organelle is made?

A

Ribosomes.

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12
Q

Chromosomes (found in the nucleolus) contain…

A

The organisms genes.

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13
Q

Summarise the four main features of the nucleus.

A
  • Cells control centre.
  • Stores organisms genome.
  • Transmits genetic information.
  • Provides instructions for protein synthesis.
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14
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum found in eukaryotic cells?

A

Smooth (SER)

Rough (RER)

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15
Q

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

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16
Q

Give a brief definition of what the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is.

A

A system of membranes that contains fluid filled cavities (cisternae) that are continuous with the nuclear membrane.

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17
Q

The RER is the __________ __________ system.

A

Intracellular transport.

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18
Q

Explain how the RER works as an intracellular transport system.

A 
The cisternae (fluid filled cavities) of the RER form channels to transport substances from
One area of the cell to another.
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19
Q

Explain how the RER is present in production and transport of proteins within cells.

A

Amino acids are assembles and form proteins by ribosomes on the RER which then actively pass into the membrane of the RER to the cisternae where they are transported to the Golgi for packaging and modification.

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20
Q

Give a definition of the SER.

A

A system of membranes that contain fluid filled cavities called cisternae that are continuous with the nuclear membrane.

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21
Q

There are no _______ on the surface of the SER, however they are present on the surface of the RER.

A

Ribosomes.

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22
Q

What does the SER contain that make it important for its function?

A

Enzymes that catalyse reactions involved with lipid metabolism.

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23
Q

The enzymes that are present in the SER have what function?

A

To catalyse reactions that are involved with lipid metabolism.

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24
Q

The SER is involved with ________, __________ and _________ of lipids from the gut.

A

Synthesis.
Transport.
Absorption.

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25
Q

Give three examples of lipid related reactions the enzymes present in the SER is involved with.

A
  • cholesterol synthesis.
  • steroid hormone synthesis.
  • (phospho)lipid synthesis for cell.
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26
Q

The Golgi apparatus consists of…

A

A stack of membrane bound flattened sacs.

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27
Q

How is material brought to and from the Golgi?

A

Secretory vesicles bring matter to and from the Golgi.

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28
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by…

A

A double membrane called the nuclear envelope.

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29
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body?

A

Modifying, preparing and packaging proteins ready for secretion.

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30
Q

Give three examples of how the Golgi can modify proteins ready for secretion.

A

> adding sugar molecules to make glycoproteins
adding lipids- lipoproteins
folding to tertiary structure

31
Q

In the packaging proteins stage of the Golgi body, the Golgi packages the proteins into what?

A

A secretory vesicle.

32
Q

Once the Golgi packages the protein into a secretory vesicle, what are the three things that can then be done with the protein?

A
  • stores in the cell
  • incorporated with plasma membrane
  • exported out of cell
33
Q

What are the three shapes a eukaryotic mitochondrion can be?

A

Rod
Spherical
Branched

34
Q

Eukaryotic mitochondria are how long?

A

2-5 micrometers long

35
Q

The inner part of the mitochondrion is described how?

A

As a fluid filled matrix

36
Q

Mitochondria have ________ membranes.

A

Two

37
Q

Between the membranes of the mitochondria’s membranes is what?

A

A fluid filled space.

38
Q

Explain the structure of mitochondria’s inner membrane.

A

It is highly folded into CRISTAE.

39
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

They are the site of ATP production during aerobic respiration.

40
Q

What feature of mitochondria means more can be made if an energy increase is needed for the cell?

A

Self replicating.

41
Q

Mitochondria are abundant in cells where…

A

Much metabolic activity takes place.

42
Q

How long are eukaryotic chloroplasts?

A

4-10 micrometers long.

43
Q

What eukaryotic organelle is around 4-10 micrometers long?

A

Chloroplasts.

44
Q

In what two type of eukaryotic cell are chloroplasts found?

A

Some protoctists

Plant cells

45
Q

Chloroplasts are surrounded by a __________ membrane or envelope.

A

Double.

46
Q

The inner membrane of chloroplasts is…

A

Continuous with fat acne of flattened membrane stacks called thylakoids.

47
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

They’re a membrane bound compartment in chloroplasts that are the site of light dependent photosynthesis reactions.

48
Q

Thylakoids resemble what?

A

Piles of plates.

49
Q

In chloroplasts, each stack or pile of thylakoids is called what?

A

A granum

Plural; grana

50
Q

Inside chloroplasts there is a fluid filled matrix called what?

A

Stroma.

51
Q

Chloroplasts contain what two things?

A

Loops of DNA

Starch grains

52
Q

Chloroplasts are the site of _________.

A

Photosynthesis.

53
Q

The first stage of photosynthesis occurs where in the chloroplast?

A

Grana

54
Q

Chloroplasts are abundant in…

A

Leaf cells, especially the palisade mesophyll layer.

55
Q

The second stage of photosynthesis takes place where in chloroplasts?

A

Stroma.

56
Q

Explain The first stage of photosynthesis, that occurs in the grana of chloroplasts.

A

It is where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and used to make ATP (water is also split to supple hydrogen ions).

57
Q

Explain the second stage of photosynthesis, that occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.

A

When hydrogen reduces CO2 using energy in the form of ATP to make carbohydrates.

58
Q

Vacuoles are surrounded by a membrane called the ________ and contains ________.

A

Tonoplast

Fluid

59
Q

Only ______ cells have a large permanent vacuole.

A

Plant.

60
Q

What is the function of the vacuole in plant cells?

A

Maintain the cells stability.

61
Q

Vacuoles contain ______ and _______.

A

Water and solutes.

62
Q

Explain how the vacuole compliments cell stability in plant cells.

A

When it’s full, it pushes against the cell wall to make the cell turgid.

63
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Small bags formed from Golgi.

64
Q

Where are lysosomes formed from?

A

The Golgi body.

65
Q

Lysosomes are surrounded by a _______ membrane.

A

Single.

66
Q

Lysosomes contain what?

A

Powerful hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes.

67
Q

What are the two I nations of lysosomes in cells?

A
  • separate the hydrolytic enzymes from the rest of the cell.
  • they engulf old organelles and foreign matter, digest them and return the digested components to the cell for reuse.
68
Q

Explain in what type of cells lysosomes are abundant in.

A

They’re abundant in phagocytic cells (eg neutrophils/ macrophages) that can ingest and digest uncaring pathogens like bacteria.

69
Q

What are cilia and Undulipodia?

A

Protrusions from the cell and are surrounded by cell surface membrane.

70
Q

The cilia and Undulipodia contain _______ and are formed from _________.

A

Micro tubules

Centrioles

71
Q

What is the only human cell to have an Undulipodia (cilia but longer) and how does this benefit the cell?

A

Sperm cells. It enables the cell to move (tail).

72
Q

Explain what nearly all cells in the body have one cillium for and its function.

A

They have one for an antennae. It contains receptors and allows the cell to detect signals about its immediate environment.

73
Q

What does the epithelial cells lining airways have hundreds of cilia for?

A

To beat and move the band of mucus

Biology AS- Chapter 2.1- Cell Structure (4 decks)

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