21.4 Genetic Engineering Flashcards
What is used to isolate the desired gene for genetic engineering
Restriction endonucleases are used to cut the required gene from teh dna of an organism
What are sticky ends
Regions with unpaired exposed bases
Created when restriction endonucleases cut the dna fragments unevenly
They make it much easier to insert the desired gene into the dna of a different organism
What happens to isolated dna in genetic engineering
It’s inserted into a vector that can carry it into a host cell
What vectors are used in genetic engineering
Bacterial plasmids
They are small circular molecules of dna seperate from chromosomal dna that can replicate independently
They are used because they contain marker genes
How is recombinant dna formed
When a plasmid gets a new host cell it combines with the host dna to form the recombinant dna
How do you insert isolated dna into plasmids
First it’s cut open By the same restriction endonucleases used so it has complementary sticky ends to the sticky ends in the dna
These complementary bases line up and enzyme ligase forms phosphodiester bonds joining them
What does a marker gene in a plasmid do in genetic engineering
It shows the plasmid contains the recombinant gene
It contains restriction enzymes that cut the plasmid to insert the desired gene
What is transformation in genetic engineering
When the plasmid with the recombinant dna is transfered Into the host cell
What methods are used to transfer the vector into a host cell in genetic engineering
Electroporation
A small electrical current is applied to the bacteria making the membrane very porous and plasmids move into the cells
What is electrofusion
A way of producing genetically modified cells
Tiny electrical currents are applied to teh membranes of 2 different cells
This fuses the cell and nuclear membranes of the 2 different cells together to form a hybrid containing dna from both
