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Biology: Module 2 > 2.1.2: Organelles > Flashcards

2.1.2: Organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of the Nucleus?

A

Nuclear enevelope - double membrane
Nuclear pores
Nucleolus - Smaller sphere inside which is the site of rRNA production and makes ribosomes
Chromosomes - protein head, linear DNA

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • Site of DNA replication and transcription (making mRNA)
  • Contains the genetic code for each cell
  • Site of ribosome synthesis
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3
Q

What is the structure for the flagella?

A

Whip like structure

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4
Q

What is the function of the flagella?

A

For mobility, and sometimes as a sensory organelle for chemical stimuli

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5
Q

What is the structure of the cilia?

A

Hairlike projections out of cells

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6
Q

What is the function of the cilia?

A
  • Can be mobile or stationary
  • Mobile cilia help move substances in a sweeping motion
  • Stationary cilia are important in the sensory organs such as the nose
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7
Q

What is the structure of the centrioles?

A
  • Made of microtubules
  • Occur in pairs to form a centrosome
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8
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

Involved in the production of spindle fibre and organisation of chromosomes in cell division

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9
Q

What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of fibres found within the cytoplasm all over a cell
Consists of microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate fibres

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10
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Provides mechanical strength to cells, helps maintain shape and stability of a cell. Many organelles are bound to the cytoskeleton
  • Microfilaments are respsonsible for cell movement
  • Microtubules are responsible for creating a scaffold-like structure
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11
Q

What is the structure for the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Rough and smooth ER both have folded membranes called cisternae
  • RER have ribosomes on the cisternae
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12
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • RER - protein synthesis (site of)
  • SER - it is where lipids and carbohydrates are created and stored
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13
Q

What is the structure of the golgi body and vesicles?

A
  • Folded membranes making cisternae
  • Secretory vesicles pinch off from the cisternae
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14
Q

What is the function of golgi body and vesicles?

A
  • Modifies proteins and lipids before packaging them into Golgi vesicles
  • The vesicles then transport the proteins and lipids to their required destination
  • Proteins that go through the Golgi apparatus are usually exported (e.g. hormones such as insulin), put into lysosomes (such as hydrolytic enzymes) or delivered to membrane-bound organelles
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15
Q

What is the structure of lysosomes?

A

Bags of digestive enzymes - can contain 50 different enzymes

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16
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A
  • Hydrolyse phagocytic cells
  • Completely break down dead cells (autolysis)
  • Exocytosis - release enzymes outside of the cell to destroy materials
  • Digest worn out organelles for reuse of materials
17
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A
  • Double membrane
  • Inner membrane called the cristae
  • Fluid centre called the mitochondrial matrix
  • Loop of mitochondrial DNA
18
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration
  • Site of ATP production
  • DNA to code for enzymes needed in respiration
19
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A
  • Small, made up of two sub-units of protein and rRNA
  • 80s - large ribosome found in eukaryotic cells (25nm)
  • 70s - smaller ribosome found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts
20
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Function of protein synthesis

21
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A
  • Surrounded by a double membrane
  • Contains thylakoids (folded membranes embedded with pigment)
  • Fluid filled stroma contains enzymes for photosynthesis
  • Found in plants
22
Q

What is the function in chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

23
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall?

A

In plants and fungi cells

  • Plants - made of microfibrils of the cellulose polymer
  • Fungi - made of chitin, a nitrogen containing polysaccharide
24
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provides structural strength to the cell

25
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane

A
  • Found in all cells
  • Phospholipid bilayer - molecules embedded within and attached on the outside (proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol)
26
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Controls the entrance and exit of molecules

27
Q

What is the process in making and secreting a protein?

9 steps

A
  1. mRNA copy of the instructions (gene) for insulin is made in the nucleus
  2. mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore
  3. mRNA attaches to a ribosome, in this case attached to a RER. Ribosome reads the instructions to assemble the protein (insulin)
  4. Insulin molecules are “pinched off” in vesicles and travel towards golgi body
  5. Vesicles fuses with golgi body
  6. Golgi body processes and packages insulin molecules ready for release
  7. Packaged insulin molecules are “pinched off” in vesicles from golgi body and move towards plasma membrane
  8. Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane
  9. Plasma membrane opens to release insulin molecules outside

Biology: Module 2 (17 decks)

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