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Biology > 2.1.2 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

2.1.2 Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements are proteins made of?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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2
Q

What is the building block of proteins?

A

Long chains of amino acids

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3
Q

What are the properties of a protein determined by?

A

Amino acid sequence

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4
Q

How many naturally occurring amino acids are there?

A

20

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5
Q

What does cysteine contain?

A

Sulphur

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6
Q

What does glycine contain?

A

Hydrogen

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7
Q

What does alanine contain?

A

CH3 - methane

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8
Q

What kind of bond joins amino acids?

A

Peptide bond

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9
Q

What kind of reaction creates a peptide bond?

A

Condensation - produces water

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10
Q

What kind of reaction breaks a peptide bond?

A

Hydrolysis reaction - addition of water

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11
Q

What human process uses hydrolysis of polypeptide bonds?

A

Digestion in stomach and small intestine

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12
Q

What are the 4 structures of proteins?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

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13
Q

What is the primary protein structure?

A

The sequence of a chain of amino acids

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14
Q

What is the secondary protein structure?

A

hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern

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15
Q

What are the two types of secondary protein structure?

A

pleated sheet

alpha helix

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16
Q

What is the tertiary protein structure?

A

three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

17
Q

What bonds are present to maintain the tertiary structure?

A

disulphide
covalent
ionic
hydrogen

18
Q

What is the quaternary protein structure?

A

protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

19
Q

Where will bonds be to maintain the quaternary structure?

A

Between R groups

20
Q

What do the R groups of amino acids determine?

A

which bonds will be formed between different amino acids

21
Q

What do ionic bonds form between?

A

positively and negatively charged groups

23
Q

What do disulphide bonds form between?

A

Two cysteine amino acids

24
Q

What type of bond is a disulphide bond?

A

covalent, share of electrons

cannot be broken by an increase in temperature or change in pH

25
Q

What type of amino acids repel water?

A

hydrophobic

26
Q

What type of R groups do hydrophobic amino acids have?

A

Non polar

27
Q

Which direction do hydrophobic amino acids face?

A

inwards

28
Q

Do hydrophobic amino acids form bonds?

A

No

29
Q

What type of R groups do hydrophilic amino acids have?

A

polar

30
Q

Which direction do hydrophilic amino acids face?

A

outwards

31
Q

How can ionic bonds be broken?

A

High temperatures or change in pH

Biology (3 decks)

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