2.1.2 - biological molecules

Question 1

how does hydrogen bonding occur between water molecules?

Answer 1

x

Question 2

water as a solvent

Answer 2

x

Question 3

water as a transport medium

Answer 3

x

Question 4

water as a coolant

Answer 4

x

Question 5

water as a habitat

Answer 5

x

Question 6

roles of water - give example of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 6

x

Question 7

concept of monomers and molymers

Answer 7

x

Question 8

importance of condensation and hydrolysis reactions

Answer 8

x

Question 9

chemical elements that make up biological molecules

Answer 9

carbohydrates: C,H,O
lipids: C,H,O
proteins: C,H,O,N,S

nucleic acids: C,H,O,N,P

Question 10

ring structure and properties of glucose

Answer 10

hexose monosaccharide

difference between a and b glucose molecule

Question 11

structure of ribose

Answer 11

pentose monosaccharide

Question 12

difference between hexose and pentose monosaccharides

Answer 12

x

Question 13

synthesis and breakdown of a disaccharide and polysaccharide

Answer 13

formation and breakage of glycosidic bonds

SUCROSE

LACTOSE

MALTOSE

Question 14

structure of starch molecules

Answer 14

amylose

amylopectin

Question 15

structure of glycogen molecules

Answer 15

x

Question 16

structure of cellulose molecules

Answer 16

x

Question 17

how the structures and properties of glucose, starch, glycogen and cellulose molecules relate to their functions in living organisms

Answer 17

x

Question 18

the structure of a triglyceride and a phospholipid as examples of macromolecules

Answer 18

outline of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Question 19

the synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides by the formation (esterification) and breakage of ester bonds between fatty acids and glycerol

Answer 19

x

Question 20

how the properties of triglyceride, phospholipid and cholesterol molecules relate to their functions in living organisms

Answer 20

hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions and energy content

AND

illustrated using examples of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 21

general structure of an amino acid

Answer 21

x

Question 22

the synthesis and breakdown of dipeptides and polypeptides

Answer 22

forma on and breakage of peptide bonds

Question 23

levels of protein structure

Answer 23

To include primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure

AND

hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions, disulfide bonds and ionic bonds

Question 24

the structure and function of globular proteins including a conjugated protein

Answer 24

To include haemoglobin as an example of a conjugated protein (globular protein with a prosthe c group), a named enzyme and insulin

An opportunity to use computer modelling to investigate the levels of protein structure within the molecule

Question 25

the properties and functions of fibrous proteins

Answer 25

To include collagen, keratin and elastin (no details of structure are required)

Question 26

key inorganic ions that are involved in
biological processes

Answer 26

To include the correct chemical symbols for the following cations and anions:

cations: calcium ions (Ca2+), sodium ions (Na+), potassium ions (K+), hydrogen ions (H+), ammonium ions (NH4+)

anions: nitrate (NO3–), hydrogencarbonate (HCO3–), chloride (Cl –), phosphate (PO43–), hydroxide, (OH–).

Question 27

how to carry out and interpret the results of the following chemical tests:

biuret test for proteins

Benedict’s test for reducing and non-reducing sugars

reagent test strips for reducing sugars iodine test for starch

emulsion test for lipids

Answer 27

x

Question 28

quantitative methods to determine the concentration of a chemical substance in a solution

Answer 28

To include colorimetry and the use of biosensors (an outline only of the mechanism is required)

Question 29

the principles and uses of paper and thin layer chromatography to separate biological molecules / compounds

Answer 29

To include calculation of retention (Rf) values.

Question 30

practical investigations to analyse biological solutions using paper or thin layer chromatography.

Answer 30

For example the separation of proteins,
carbohydrates, vitamins or nucleic acids