2.1.2 Biological Molecules

Question 1

how does hydrogen bonding occur between water molecules?

Question 2

why is water an appropriate solvent?

Question 3

why is water an appropriate transport medium?

Question 4

why is water an appropriate coolant?

Question 5

why is water an appropriate habitat for living oprganisms?

Question 6

what are monomers?

Question 7

what are polymers?

Question 8

describe what happens in a condensation reaction

Question 9

describe what happens in a hydrolysis reaction

Question 10

what elements make up carbohydrates?

Answer 10

C, H, O

Question 11

what elements make up lipids?

Answer 11

C, H, O

Question 12

what elements make up proteins?

Answer 12

C, H, O, N, S

Question 13

what elements make up nucleic acids?

Answer 13

C, H, O, N, P

Question 14

what is an e.g of a hexose monosaccharide and its structure?

Answer 14

glucose

Question 15

what is an e.g of a pentose monosaccharide and its structure?

Answer 15

ribose

Question 16

what hold disaccharides and polysaccharides together?

Answer 16

glycosidic bonds

Question 17

what is the diff in structure between alpha and beta glucose?

Answer 17

alpha - OH group is positioned below the hexose ring
beta - OH group is positioned above the hexose ring

Question 18

how are disaccharides and polysaccharides synthesised?

Question 19

how are disaccharides and polysaccharides broken down?

Question 20

describe the synthesis/breakdown of sucrose

Question 21

describe the synthesis/breakdown of lactose

Question 22

describe the synthesis/breakdown of maltose

Question 23

what are the 2 starches?

Answer 23

amylose
amylopectin

Question 24

how do the 2 starches differ?

Question 25

what is the structure of amylose and how does it relate to its function in living organisms?

Question 26

what is the structure of amylopectin and how does it relate to its function in living organisms?

Question 27

what is the structure of glycogen and how does it relate to its function in living organisms?

Question 28

what is the structure of cellulose and how does it relate to its function in living organisms?

Question 29

describe the structure of a phospholipid

Question 30

describe the structure of a triglyceride

Question 31

what is the diff in structure between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 31

saturated = no double bonds within the fatty acid chain unsaturated = double bonds within the fatty acid chain

Question 32

how are triglycerides synthesised?

Answer 32

by the formation of ester bonds between fatty acids and a glycerol molecules

Question 33

how are triglycerides broken down?

Answer 33

by the breakage of ester bonds between fatty acids and a glycerol molecules

Question 34

how do the properties of triglycerides relate to their functions in living organisms?

Question 35

how do the properties of phospholipids relate to their functions in living organisms?

Question 36

how do the properties of cholesterol relate to their functions in living organisms?

Question 37

describe the general structure of an amino acid

Question 38

how are dipeptides/polypeptides synthesised?

Question 39

how are dipeptides/polypeptides broken down?

Question 40

describe the primary structure of a protein

Question 41

describe the secondary structure of a protein

Question 42

describe the tertiary structure of a protein

Question 43

describe the quaternary structure of a protein

Question 44

what is the structure and function of a haemoglobin (conjugated protein?

Question 45

what is structure and function of globular proteins?

Question 46

what are the properties and functions of 3 fibrous proteins?

Answer 46

collagen = keratin = elastin =

Question 47

what are the key inorganic ions involved in biological processes?

Answer 47

Ca2+ calcium ions Na+ sodium ions K+ potassium ions H+ Hydrogen ions NH4+ ammonium ions NO3- Nitrate ions HCO3- hydrogencarbonate ions Cl- chloride ions PO4 3- Phosphate ions OH- Hydroxide ions

Question 48

describe the test to test for proteins

Answer 48

Biuret test

Question 49

describe the test to test for reducing & non-reducing sugars

Answer 49

Benedict's test

Question 50

describe the test to test for lipids

Answer 50

Emulsion test

Question 51

describe the test to test for starch

Answer 51

Iodine test

Question 52

describe a quantitative method to determine the conc of a chemical substance in solution

Answer 52

Colorimetry

Question 53

describe the method to separate biological molecules (paper)

Answer 53

Paper chromatography

Question 54

describe the method to separate biological molecules (thin-layer)

Answer 54

Thin layer chromatography

Question 55

how to calculate the Rf value?

Answer 55

Rf = distance by solute/distance by solvent

Question 56

describe the method for separating proteins

Question 57

what are the similarities/differences in structure between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Question 58

describe the method for separating carbohydrates

Question 59

describe the method for separating vitamins

Question 60

describe the method for separating nucleic acids