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Bio (AS CONTENT) > 2.1.2 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

2.1.2 Biological Molecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how does hydrogen bonding occur between water molecules?

A
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2
Q

why is water an appropriate solvent?

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3
Q

why is water an appropriate transport medium?

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4
Q

why is water an appropriate coolant?

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5
Q

why is water an appropriate habitat for living oprganisms?

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6
Q

what are monomers?

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7
Q

what are polymers?

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8
Q

describe what happens in a condensation reaction

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9
Q

describe what happens in a hydrolysis reaction

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10
Q

what elements make up carbohydrates?

A

C, H, O

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11
Q

what elements make up lipids?

A

C, H, O

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12
Q

what elements make up proteins?

A

C, H, O, N, S

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13
Q

what elements make up nucleic acids?

A

C, H, O, N, P

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14
Q

what is an e.g of a hexose monosaccharide and its structure?

A

glucose

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15
Q

what is an e.g of a pentose monosaccharide and its structure?

A

ribose

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16
Q

what hold disaccharides and polysaccharides together?

A

glycosidic bonds

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17
Q

what is the diff in structure between alpha and beta glucose?

A

alpha - OH group is positioned below the hexose ring
beta - OH group is positioned above the hexose ring

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18
Q

how are disaccharides and polysaccharides synthesised?

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19
Q

how are disaccharides and polysaccharides broken down?

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20
Q

describe the synthesis/breakdown of sucrose

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21
Q

describe the synthesis/breakdown of lactose

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22
Q

describe the synthesis/breakdown of maltose

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23
Q

what are the 2 starches?

A

amylose
amylopectin

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24
Q

how do the 2 starches differ?

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25
Q

what is the structure of amylose and how does it relate to its function in living organisms?

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26
Q

what is the structure of amylopectin and how does it relate to its function in living organisms?

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27
Q

what is the structure of glycogen and how does it relate to its function in living organisms?

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28
Q

what is the structure of cellulose and how does it relate to its function in living organisms?

A
29
Q

describe the structure of a phospholipid

A
30
Q

describe the structure of a triglyceride

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31
Q

what is the diff in structure between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?

A

saturated = no double bonds within the fatty acid chain
unsaturated = double bonds within the fatty acid chain

32
Q

how are triglycerides synthesised?

A

by the formation of ester bonds between fatty acids and a glycerol molecules

33
Q

how are triglycerides broken down?

A

by the breakage of ester bonds between fatty acids and a glycerol molecules

34
Q

how do the properties of triglycerides relate to their functions in living organisms?

A
35
Q

how do the properties of phospholipids relate to their functions in living organisms?

A
36
Q

how do the properties of cholesterol relate to their functions in living organisms?

A
37
Q

describe the general structure of an amino acid

A
38
Q

how are dipeptides/polypeptides synthesised?

A
39
Q

how are dipeptides/polypeptides broken down?

A
40
Q

describe the primary structure of a protein

A
41
Q

describe the secondary structure of a protein

A
42
Q

describe the tertiary structure of a protein

A
43
Q

describe the quaternary structure of a protein

A
44
Q

what is the structure and function of a haemoglobin (conjugated protein?

A
45
Q

what is structure and function of globular proteins?

A
46
Q

what are the properties and functions of 3 fibrous proteins?

A

collagen =
keratin =
elastin =

47
Q

what are the key inorganic ions involved in biological processes?

A

Ca2+ calcium ions
Na+ sodium ions
K+ potassium ions
H+ Hydrogen ions
NH4+ ammonium ions

NO3- Nitrate ions
HCO3- hydrogencarbonate ions
Cl- chloride ions
PO4 3- Phosphate ions
OH- Hydroxide ions

48
Q

describe the test to test for proteins

A

Biuret test

49
Q

describe the test to test for reducing & non-reducing sugars

A

Benedict’s test

50
Q

describe the test to test for lipids

A

Emulsion test

51
Q

describe the test to test for starch

A

Iodine test

52
Q

describe a quantitative method to determine the conc of a chemical substance in solution

A

Colorimetry

53
Q

describe the method to separate biological molecules (paper)

A

Paper chromatography

54
Q

describe the method to separate biological molecules (thin-layer)

A

Thin layer chromatography

55
Q

how to calculate the Rf value?

A

Rf = distance by solute/distance by solvent

56
Q

describe the method for separating proteins

A
57
Q

what are the similarities/differences in structure between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
58
Q

describe the method for separating carbohydrates

A
59
Q

describe the method for separating vitamins

A
60
Q

describe the method for separating nucleic acids

A

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