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Biology > 2.1.2 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

2.1.2 Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A chemical bond formed between positive charge on hydrogen and negative on another atom adjacent to the molecule

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2
Q

What is valency?

A

How many bonds an element has to have

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3
Q

What elements make up lipids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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4
Q

What elements make up carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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5
Q

What elements make up proteins?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur

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6
Q

What elements make up nucleotides?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate

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7
Q

How is water bonded

A

Two hydrogen atoms share a pair of electrons with one oxygen atom (covalent)

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8
Q

What’s cohesion

A

Sticking to other water molecules

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9
Q

What’s adhesion

A

Sticking to other objects

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10
Q

What is polar and how is water polar

A

Differently charged regions, o is slightly negative, h is slightly positive

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11
Q

Name waters properties

A

Solvent, transport medium, coolant, habitat, cohesion, surface tension, high boiling point

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12
Q

Explain water as a solvent

A

Water disassociates polar molecules e.g removing wastes

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13
Q

Explain water as a habitat

A

Thermally supports aquatic organisms, diluted waste, supports small insects with surface tension

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14
Q

Explain water as transport medium

A

Materials dissolve and can flow easier

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15
Q

Explain water as a coolant

A

Water buffers temperature changes in chemical reactions

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16
Q

What is a monomer and polymer

A

Monomer and molecules and polymer is a chain or monomers

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17
Q

What are sodium ions necessary for

A

Nerve impulse transmission and kidney function

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18
Q

What’s are calcium ions necessary for

A

Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

19
Q

What are potassium ions necessary for

A

Nerve impulse transmission and stomatal opening

20
Q

What are hydrogen ions necessary for

A

Catalysis of reactions and pH determination

21
Q

What are nitrate ions necessary for

A

Formation of amino acids and proteins in plants

22
Q

What are hydrogen carbonate ions necessary for

A

Blood ph maintenance

23
Q

What are chloride ions necessary for

A

Balances charges in cells

24
Q

What are phosphate ions necessary for

A

Formation of cell membrane, atp, bones

25
Q

What are hydroxide ions necessary for

A

Catalysis of reactions and pH

26
Q

What are hydrolysis and condensation reactions

A

Hydrolysis- breaking down using water
Condensation- joining up using water

27
Q

Examples of
1 monosaccharide
2 disaccharide
3 polysaccharide

A

1 glucose fructose ribose
2 lactose sucrose
3 glycogen cellulose starch

28
Q

Structure of alpha

A

H
OH

29
Q

Structure of beta glucose

A

OH
H

30
Q

What bond is formed from glucose molecules

A

1,4 glycosidic bond from, condensation reactions

31
Q

What are amylose and amylopectin what’s the difference

A

Polysaccharides made up of glucose and amylose has 1,4 bonds linear and amylopectin has 1,4 and 1,6 and is branched

32
Q

What form is alpha glucose in animals and plants

A

Animals-glycogen
Plants- starch and cellulose

33
Q

What makes amylopectin good for storage

A

They’re insoluble, branched and compact

34
Q

What is cellulose made of and how does it form

A

Beta glucose and alternate upside forming straight unbranced

35
Q

What’s the structure of triglyceride

A

Three fatty acids and glycerol

36
Q

What are the bonds in triglyceride

A

Ester bonds in condensation reaction

37
Q

Difference between saturated and unsaturated

A

Saturated only single bonds between carbons

38
Q

What’s the structure of phospholipid

A

Glycerol, two fatty acids and phosphate group

39
Q

What are roles of lipids

A

Thermal and electrical Insulation, membrane, hormones, waterproofing, energy store

40
Q

What’s the Benedictus test for

A

Reducing sugars

41
Q

How do you do a Benedicts test

A

Heat
Observe colour change
Brick red if reducing sugar
Green-yellow-orange- red

42
Q

How to do Benedictus test for non reducing sugar

A

Heat
Dilute with alkaline

43
Q

How to use colorimeter

A

Calibrate
Do benedicts on known conc of glucose
Measure % transmission in machine
Plot on calibrate graph
Repeat

44
Q

What does iodine test for

A

Starch brown- blue black

Biology (2 decks)

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