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Biology Topic 2 > 2.1.1 Strucute Lf Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

2.1.1 Strucute Lf Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells

A
  • cytoplasm containing membrane-bound organelles
  • so DNA enclosed in a nucleus
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2
Q

Describe the general structure of eukaryotic cells (animal)

A
  • cell membrane
  • mitochondrion
  • nucleus
  • ribosomes
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • smooth ER
  • Golgi apparatus
  • lysosome
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3
Q

Describe the general structure of eukaryotic cells (plants)

A
  • cell membrane
  • mitochondrion
  • nucleus
  • ribosomes
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • smooth ER
  • Golgi apparatus
  • lysosome
  • chloroplasts
  • cell wall
  • cell vacuole
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4
Q

Describe the structure of the cell - surface membrane

A
  • hydrophilic phosphate heads
    • point to / are attracted to water
  • hydrophobic fatty acid tails
    • point away / repelled from water
  • form a phospholipid bilayer
  • channel and carrier proteins
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5
Q

Describe the function of the cell-surface membrane

A
  • selectively permeable - enables control of passage of substances in / out of cell
  • molecules / receptors / antigens on surface - allows cell recognition / signalling
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6
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus

A
  • nuclear envelope
    • double membrane
    • has nuclear pores
  • nucleoplasm
  • nucleolus (dense region)
  • protein / histone bound, linear DNA
    • chromatin = condensed
    • chromosome = highly condensed
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7
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus

A
  • holds / stores genetic information which codes for polypeptides (proteins)
  • site of DNA replication
  • site of transcription, producing mRNA
  • nucleolus makes ribosomes / rRNA
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8
Q

Describe the structure of a ribosome

A
  • made of ribosomal RNA and protein (two subunits)
  • not a membrane - bound organelle
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9
Q

Describe the function of a ribosome

A
  • site of protein synthesis (translation)
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10
Q

Describe the structure of rER and sER

A

rER:
- ribosomes
- system of membranes
sER:
- system of membranes

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11
Q

Describe the function of the rER

A
  • ribosomes on surface synthesise proteins
  • proteins processed / folded / transported inside rER
  • proteins packaged into vesicles for transport e.g. to Golgi apparatus
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12
Q

Describe the function of the sER

A
  • synthesises and processes lipids
  • e.g. cholesterol and steroid hormones
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13
Q

Describe the structure of Golgi apparatus and Golgi vesicles

A

Apparatus:
- flattened membrane sacs
Vesicles:
- small membrane sac

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14
Q

Describe the function of Golgi apparatus

A
  • modifies proteins e.g. adds carbohydrates to produce glycoproteins
  • modifies lipids e.g. adds carbohydrates to procure glycolipids
  • packages proteins / lipids into Golgi vesicles
  • produces lysosomes
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15
Q

Describe the function of Golgi vesicles

A
  • transports proteins / lipids to their required destination
  • e.g.moves to and fuses with cell membrane
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16
Q

Describe the structure of lysosomes

A
  • membrane
  • hydrolytic enzymes
17
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes

A
  • release hydrolytic enzymes (lysozymes)
  • to break down / hydrolyse pathogens or worn - out cell components
18
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria

A
  • outer membrane
  • cristae - inner membrane fold
  • matrix, containing:
    • small (70s) ribosomes
    • circular DNA
19
Q

Describe the function of mitochondria

A
  • site of aerobic respiration
  • to produce ATP for energy release
  • e.g. for protein synthesis / vesicles movement / active transport
20
Q

Describe the structure of chloroplasts in plants and algae

A
  • double membrane
  • stroma, containing:
    • thylakoid membrane
    • 70s ribosomes
    • circular DNA
    • starch granules / lipid droplets
  • lamella - thylakoid linking grana
  • grana - stacks of thylakoid
21
Q

Describe the function of chloroplasts

A
  • absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
  • to produce organic substances e.g. carbohydrates / lipids
22
Q

Describe the structure of cell wall im plants, algae and fungi

A
  • made of cellulose in plants and algae
  • made of chitin in fungi
23
Q

Describe the function of cell wall in plants , algae and fungi

A
  • provides mechanical strength to cell
  • so prevents cell changing shape or bursting under pressure due to osmosis
24
Q

Describe the structure of cell vacuole in plants

A
  • tonoplast membrane
  • cell sap
25
Q

Describe the function of the cell wall

A
  • maintains turgor pressure in cell (stopping plant wilting)
  • contains cell sap - store sugars, amino acids, pigments and and waste chemicals
26
Q

Describe how eukaryotic cells are organised in complex multicellular organisms

A

Eukaryotic cells become specialised for specific functions
Tissue - group of specialised cells with a similar structure working together to perform a specific function, often with the same origin
Organ - aggregations of tissues performing specific functions
Organ system - group of organs Woking together to perform specific functions

Biology Topic 2 (6 decks)

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