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Semester 3 Midterms > 211 Midterm Prep > Flashcards

211 Midterm Prep Flashcards

1
Q

What Is Virtualization?

Lecture 1

A

Virtualization is the process of creating a software based / virtual version of an operating system that is visible via a Hypervisor.

Virtualization allows for the creation of Virtual Machines

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2
Q

Name and Describe some of the reasons why virtualization is used today.

Lecture 1

A
  1. Server Consolidation - Instead of having a ton of physical servers, you can replace them with a few larger servers.
  2. Isolation - Guest Operating Systems are fully isolated from the host running them. This protects the host from any software issues that may occur on the VM
  3. Disaster Recovery. Virtual Machines allow for snapshots, which makes backups and disaster recovery easier.
  4. Dynamic Load Balancing - Live Migration provides easy load-balancing across infrastructure by allowing users to move VMs from busy hosts to new or unused hosts on demand.
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3
Q

Describe some of the benefits of virtualization.

Lecture 1

A
  • Allows a high level of mobility. All virtualized OS environments can be moved between physical hosts freely.
  • Great for getting the most out of your resources.
  • Scalable
  • Use less data, space, and cost less than having multiple physical machines
  • Consolidation and Centralization of Resouces (No idea what this one means if somebody wants to clarify)
  • Isolation
  • Better disaster recovery / availability
  • Speed of service and automation
  • Compatable with public cloud services
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4
Q

What are the 3 different approaches to Virtualizaion?

Lecture 1

A

1.Software Virtualization - Enables a single computer server to work with multiple virtual systems
2.Hardware Assisted Software Virtualization - Uses the physical hardware of the host system to support the virtual machine management software.
3.Para-Virtualization - Virtualization that presents a software interface to the virtual machines which is similar to the hardware / software interface.

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5
Q

What is the main role of a Hypervisor?

Lecture 1

A

Hypervisors enable us to be able to perform virtualization. Hypervisor software runs on the host and translates the VM onto the hardware of the host PC.

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of Hypervisors?

Lecture 1

A

Type 1: Also known as bare metal, these are installed directly on the physical server (Hyper-V, VMware)

Type 2: Also known as Hosted, have a layer of host operating systems between the physical device and the hypervisor itself. (VirtualBox, VMware, Oracle)

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7
Q

What are the 2 architectures of Type 1 Hypervisors?

Lecture 2

A

Monolithic and Micro-Kernelized

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8
Q

What are the attributes of Monolithic Hypervisors?

Lecture 2

A
  1. Drivers exist within the hypervisor
  2. Superior performance
  3. Shares drivers with the host PC, which limits hardware support for the VMs
  4. The list of compatable hardware is very short
  5. Contain more security and stability issues
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9
Q

What are the attributes of Micro-Kernelized Hypervisors?

Lecture 2

A
  1. Used by Hyper-V
  2. Mainly governed by a Server Management / Parent Partition
  3. Can run numerous drivers created by multiple vendors which removes the need for hardware-linked drivers.
  4. More Secure and Stable than Monolithic Hypervisors.
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10
Q

Hypervisor Design Principals (taken from the lecture slides)

Lecture 2

A
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11
Q

What is the role of VMMS (Virtual Machine Management Systems)

Lecture 2

A

VMMS manages the state of VMs and launches VM’s work processes for each child partition.

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12
Q

Describe the VMBus and its roles

Lecture 2

A

VMBus is a tool within Hyper-V that enables logical communication between partitions.

The VMBus redirects request to virtual devices, allowing files to be draged and dropped between VM and host.

VMBus runs in kernel mode and is resonsible for enabling communication between the Virtual Service Providers that allows support for memory hardware.

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13
Q

How does Hyper-V support Isolation?

Lecture 2

A

Hyper-V supports isolation through partitions.

Partitions are logical units of isolation, supported by Hyper-V. For hypervisors to work through Microsoft, at least one root partiton must be running Windows.

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14
Q

Describe some of the benefits of running a virtualized environment.

Lecture 2

A
  • Virtalized Environments allow multiple different OS instances to execute at the same time on a single physical system
  • Drive resources available on a physical host are used for multiple VMs, which act as stand alone systems completely isolated form the Host.
  • Allows for the usage of Emulated and Synthetic hardware devices
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15
Q

Describe Emulated hardware components

Lecture 2

A

Emulated hardware devices exist as physical hardware.

They use built in drivers to operate through virtualization, however they have more overhead due to emulation because they were not designed specifically to be used on virtual machines.

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16
Q

Describe Synthetic Hardware Components.

Lecture 2

A

Synthetic devices are high performance, software based devices that control access to physical hardware.

Designed specifically for virtualized environments, and run in kernel mode so they do not have additonal overhead to worry about.

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17
Q

Describe Synthetic Hardware Components.

Lecture 2

A

Synthetic devices are high performance, software based devices that control access to physical hardware.

Designed specifically for virtualized environments, and run in kernel mode so they do not have additonal overhead to worry about.

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18
Q

What are Generation 1 VMs?

Lecture 2

A

Generation 1 VMs require that hardware natively support the virtual hardware being used on the machine.

Used specifically for older versions of Operating Systems.

While they support the usage of both emulated and synthetic hardware, they must be booted from an emulated IDE.

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19
Q

What are Generation 2 VMs?

Lecture 2

A

Generation 2 are the newest model of Hyper-V Virtual Machines.

Uses newer operating systems that are natively enlightened to virtualization. No emulated devices are required.

Does not use older BIOs technology, and instead uses Unified Extensible Firmare Interface (UEFI) and secure boot to operate.

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20
Q

Why might a fixed VHD be used in a production environment over a dynamic VHD?

Quiz 1

A

If you have limited underlying phsyical storage, you are better able to allocate the storage you have.

With Dynamic VHDs, you may end up unexpectedly running out of storage becuase you don’t have a defined or fixed amount of space set for each VHD.

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21
Q

What does the use of NUMA ensure?

Quiz 1

A

NUMA ensures that in multi-processor systems, any given processor wil use the memory that is directly attached to it.

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22
Q

What file extention is used for Hyper-V Virtual Disks?

Quiz 1

A

.vhdx

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23
Q

What are containers?

Oct 6 Lecture

A

A container is a staudard unit of software that packages up code and dependencies so that an application runs quickly and reliably in different computer environments.

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24
Q

Why are containers referred to as “lightweight”?

Oct 6 Lecture / Kahoot 2

A

Containers are referred to as “lightweight” because thye share the machines OS kernel.

They are also smaller and require less start up time than a VM.

25
Q

What are docker container images?

Oct 6 Lecture

A

A docker container image is a lightweight, standalone software executable package that includes everything needed to run a single application. This includes code, runtime, system tools, system libraries, and settings.

26
Q

What is containerization?

Oct 6 Lecture

A

Contanerization is the packaging of software code to allow for the creation of a container that runs consistently on any infrastructure.

27
Q

What are some benefits of containerization?

Oct 6 Lecture

A

Containerizaition allows developers to create and deploy applications quickly and securely.

Containerization also allows applications to be written once, and run on any infrastructure.

28
Q

Compare and contrast VMs and Containers.

Oct 6 Lecture

A

VMS:
* Each application runs in its own virtual machine and its associated overhead
* Applications are completely isolated from other applications
* REsources available can be controlled through configuration of VM resources
* Virtualization eliminates the need for an entire physical device for one application, but still requires an operating system

Containers:
* Each application is isolated at a user-mode level, and runs its own application
* Diferent conainerized applications can be dependent on the same containers or different containers (what the hell does this MEAAAAANNN)
* Containerization eliminates the need for an entire operating system for each application

29
Q

What are the 3 steps when working with containerization?

Oct 6 Lecture / Kahoot 2

A
  • Composition file (or manifest) – that specifies the images used and
    any actions required e.g., In Docker, it is called Docker file
  • Container Image e.g., docker image
  • Containers – contains all runtimes and binary

I dont know how these are “steps”, however this is in her notes and this is the answer to the question if it appears on the test.

30
Q

List some of the benefits of containerization

Oct 6 Lecture

A
  • Resources - Containers have less overhead due to not having to run a complete virtualized desktop and operating system to function
  • Speed - Due to having less overhead, the deployment and operation speed for containers is generally faster than virtual machines.
  • Isolation - Complete isolation from other containers on a system allows for more fault tolerance as well as security.
31
Q

Differentiate between Windows containers, and Hyper-V containers

Oct 6 Lecture

A

Windows containers run isolated application containers inside of the host OS kernel. They are all still communicating with the host operating system directly, and are slightly less isolated. Isolation is provided through namespaces and process isolation.

Hyper-V containers isolate eachother through a lightweight VM which takes longer to deply and has more overhead, but provides an added level of isolation and security from the host operating system.

32
Q

What are container runtimes?

Oct 13th Lecture

A

Container runtimes (container engines) are a software component that runs containers on a host operating system provided by Windows Server.

Container runtimes provide the ability to communicate over a network through virtual switches, as well as providing tools to help develop and manage new containers.

33
Q

What is a docker?

Oct 13th Lecture

A

Docker is an open-source attempt to automate the dpeloyment of software apps inside of containers. Dockers provide an additional layer of abstraction and automation of OS-Level virtualization on linux.

Docker allws developers to easily deploy applications inside of a sandbox environment to run on the host Linux system.

34
Q

What is the benefit of using a docker?

Oct 13th Lecture

A

Less overhead than VMs

Allows users to package an application with all dependencies into a standardized unit for software development.

35
Q

What are the components that run on top of a Docker Engine?

Oct 13th Lecture

A

Docker Client - Performs actions against the Docker Engine (are the enemies?)
Docker Powershell - Executes against the REST API provided by the Docker Engine
Docker Compose - Enables the definition and running of multi container dockers

36
Q

What is a Docker Client REST API?

Oct 13th Lecture

A

A REST API (Application Programming Interface) is a set of rules to define how applications or devices can connect to and communicate with eachother on a network.

37
Q

Describe the development workflow when using Docker

Oct 13th Lecture

A
  1. Dockerize an appilcation (add the docker file to the application folder)
  2. Start the container using an image file, and create the isolated environment
  3. Push the image to a docker registry or hub
  4. On any machine you would like to run the application, install the image file from the hub.
38
Q

What is Podman?

O?ct 17th Lecture

A

Podman is a new container engine used for managing containers, images, volumes, and pods.

Provides extra features to help developers in Kubernetes environments.

39
Q

What is a pod?

Oct 17th Lecture

A

Pods are temporary groupings of one or more containers that is the SMALLEST possible unit of computing resources that a container orchestration platform can manage.

Podman groups containers in a single namespace, network, and security context.

40
Q

What is Kubernetes?

Oct 17th Lecture

A

Kubernetes is a container orchestration platform.

Can coordinate containers running on different VMs or even different physical machines.

Can work with any container that meets the OCI Image specification.

41
Q

Compare and Contrast Docker and Podman.

Oct 17th Lecture

A
  • Docker is an all in one platform that provides tools for specific tasks
  • Docker has no native concept of pods
  • Docker needs to continuously running background daemon programs to create images and run containers
  • Podman collaborates with other projects for specific purposes, and doesn’t natively have all needed tools included
  • Podman launches containers and pods whne needed as a seperate child processes

Podman and docker are compatable with eachother.

42
Q

How does Podman provide elevated levels of security?

Oct 17th Lecture

A

Docker relys on a daemon that runs on the root device, opening up a potential attack surface.

Podman allows you to run a rootless container, which provides an added level of isolation.

43
Q

Define Container Networking

Oct 18th Lecture

A

Container networking is the act of enabling containers to communicate with other containers and the host. This allows containers to share resources, data, and other applications.

44
Q

What are teh 2 options available when running an application in a container in terms of networking?

Oct 18th Lecture

A
  1. The application runs in the host network namespace - this is the most common configuration
  2. Applications run in their own network namespace - other programs running on different devices need to be able to connect to this program. This is ued when there are many containers interracting, and each container needs their own IP assignment.
45
Q

What are the 4 types of container networking?

Oct 18th Lecture

A
  1. None - No networking is applied to the container, providing full isolation. This should only be used in test environments before the container is deployed on a network
  2. Bridge - Allows connection to other interfaces ofthe host machine and other containers on the same host.
  3. Overlay - Containers act like they are all on one machine even if they are not. This allows multiple computers to communicate on the same network subnet
  4. Underlay - Used to connect host interfaces directly to containers running on the host computer.
46
Q

What are 5 emerging trends in container technology?

Oct 18th Lecture

A
  1. FlexVolume - A new container storage interface that enaables third party venders to add support for their Kubernetes storage backends
  2. Runtime Security - Provides isolation and security for containers
  3. Helm - Simplifies building complex applicationsd with Kubernetes and allows for full control of application configuration
  4. Ksonnet - Simplifies the deployment and management of Kubernetes clusters
  5. Serverless computing - No description for this so yolo
47
Q

Describe the functions of:
* RD connection Brokers
* RD Gateways
* RDP
* RD Web Access

Quiz

A

RD Connection Brokers distribute users to specific virtual sessions or desktops

RD Gateways provide external connectivity from outside the network to the VDI services

RDP is the access protocol that defines communication with virtual desktop Operating Systems

RD Web Access provies a portal over HTTPS for authentication to the VDI service.

48
Q

What memory management technique takes unused memory from virtual machines and allocates it based on the needs of other VMs?

Quiz

A

Ballooning

49
Q

What is the correct term for the virtualization layer that is inserted into the boot process of the host machine that controls access to physical hardware?

Quiz

A

The hypervisor

50
Q

What is used to determine the importance of a VM getting shares of the CPU in terms of resource contention?

Quiz

A

Relative Weight

51
Q

When ballooning, what is responsible for inflating and deflating the “balloon”?

Quiz

A

The VM Manager

52
Q

Describe the function of:
* Storage Virtualization
* Storage Virtualization software
* Storage Controllers

Quiz

A

Storage Virtualization is the pooling of physical storage from multiple network storage devices into a single storage device

Storage Virtualization Software is used to create virtual storage partitions based on physical hardware

Storage controllers are used to manage the combined space from different phyiscal storage devices connected on a network.

53
Q

Compare and contrast Thick and Thin provisioning.

Quiz

A

Think provisioning is a type of storage pre-allocation. The complete ammount of VHD storage capacitiy is pre-allocated on the physical storage during the creation of a virtual disk. This consumes all the space allocated to it in the datastore from the start, so the space can’t be used by other VMs.

Thin provisioning consumes only the space it needs, and eventually grows over time.

54
Q

Describe the benefits of virtual networking

Sept 29th Lecture

A

*Less Expensive
* Easier to implement / less complex
* More secure
* More scaliable

55
Q

What are the 5 tenets of virtualization benefits?

This is Ryan’s personal guide to anything in 211 that has to do with benefits. This is NOT part of any official documentation from OC / Adebola / the textbook.

A
  1. Faster Operating Speeds
  2. Easier Management
  3. Lower Cost
  4. Isolation from other devices
  5. More secure

If your answer includes any of these 5 you will get at least 3/5 correct

56
Q

Compare and contrast the 3 types of virtual switches.

Sept 29th Lecture

A

If you can’t do this yet I am sorry for your loss.

The only thing different on this test is there is no default switch listed. Only External, Internal, and Private.

57
Q

Name the different types of VLANs

Sept 29th Lecture

A
  1. Management VLAN - separate VLAN set up for management traffic.
  2. Data VLAN - It is designed only for user-generated data.
  3. Voice VLAN - help separate the LANs for VoIP.
  4. Default VLAN: can be of two types
    * all the ports on the device is belong to one user
    * all the ports are assigned even when the switch is not in use
  5. Native VLAN: untagged traffic accept when it is received on the
    trunk port
58
Q

Describe the 3 modes of Private VLANs

Sept 29th Lecture

A

Isolated Mode - Primary PVLAN mode, complete isolation from other hosts. No direct communication is possible

Community Mode - Allows multiple hosts in the same community to communicate. Requires a second VLAN ID

Promiscuous mode - Can communicate with hosts in either isolated or community mode. Useful for servers seperated by all hosts.

Semester 3 Midterms (5 decks)

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