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AS biology > 2.1.1 cell structure > Flashcards

2.1.1 cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

prokaryotic cells

A
  • no true nucleus (free loop of DNA)
  • very few organelles
  • exist as single cells.
  • bacteria
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2
Q

eukaryotic cells

A
  • true nucleus
  • lots of organelles
  • exist as single cells but usually form multi-cellular organisms
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3
Q

examples of eukaryotes

A

animal, plant, fungi

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4
Q

describe organelles

A
  • membrane bound compartments
  • provide the conditions for different cellular reactions to
    take place
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5
Q

what do all the organelles together make up?

A

the ultrastructure (part which can only be seen by an electron microscope)

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5
Q

cilia on surface of cell

A
  • “beat” in a co-ordinated way to move substances over the surface of the cell
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6
Q

example of a cell with cilia on its surface

A

ciliated epithelium -
found on the cells lining the airways - sweep mucus up and away from the
lungs to the back of the throat

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7
Q

microvilli on surface of cell

A
  • folds in the cell surface membranes of cells which carry out a lot of secretion or absorption
  • increase the surface area of the cell
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8
Q

examples of microvilli

A

the cells lining the intestines increase the SA for the absorption of digested food into the bloodstream

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9
Q

flagellum on surface of cell

A
  • these stick out as long projections from the cell, and have membrane around them
  • allow the whole cell to move
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10
Q

all organelles in a eukaryotic cells

A
  • nucleus
  • nuclelous
  • chromatin
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Golgi vesicle
  • RER
  • SER
  • ribosomes
  • centrosome
  • vacuole
  • secretory vesicle
  • mitochondria
  • cytoskeleton
  • intermediate filament
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11
Q

all structures in a plant cell

A
  • cell wall
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • RER
  • SER
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
  • chloroplasts
  • Golgi apparatus
  • LARGE & PERMANENT vacuole
    -plasmodesmata
    -nuclear envelope
    -nuclear pores
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12
Q

similarities and differences in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

prokaryotes
- no nucleus
- circular DNA
- proteins fold and condense DNA
- extra plasmids
- no membrane bounds organelles
- peptidoglycan cell walls
- smaller 70s ribosomes
- cytoskeleton
- binary fission
- unicellular
- cell surface membrane

eukaryotes
- nucleus
- linear DNA
- DNA wrapped around histones
- extra DNA present in chloroplasts and mitochondria
- membrane bound organelles
- chitin in fungi, cellulose in plants
- larger 80s ribosomes
- more complex cytoskeleton
- asexual or sexual reproduction
- uni or multi cellular
- cell surface membrane

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13
Q

what is the membrane around the LARGE and PERMANENT vacuole called?

A

tonoplast

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14
Q

structures in plant cell that aren’t in animal

A
  1. chloroplasts- site of photosynthesis
  2. large permanent vacuole
  3. plasmodesmata
  4. cellulose cell wall
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15
Q

describe large and permanent vacuole

A
  • contains sap (various storage molecules + water).
  • a membrane around it called the tonoplast
    -involved in maintaining turgor in plant cells
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16
Q

describe the plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasmic connections between neighbouring plant cells,
allowing substances to move from cell to cell

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17
Q

describe cellulose cell wall

A

gives “tensile strength”
- supports the plant cell & prevents bursting when water enters the cell.

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18
Q

describe plasma membrane

A
  • found around animal cell surface
  • found inside plant cell
  • made of lipids + proteins
19
Q

function of plasma membrane

A
  • regulates movement of substances into and out of cell
  • receptor molecules on it, which allow it to respond to chemicals
20
Q

describe the nucleus

A
  • surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane)
  • contains nuclear pores
  • contains chromatin
  • contains nucleolus
21
Q

function of the nucleus

A
  • contains the genetic material
  • contains instructions on how to make proteins
  • pores allow RNA to leave nucleus
  • nucleolus makes ribosomes
22
Q

describe ribosomes

A
  • free floating in cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • made of proteins and RNA
  • no membrane
23
Q

function of ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

24
Q

describe RER

A
  • system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space
  • surfaced covered with ribosomes
25
Q

function of RER

A
  • folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes
  • involved in transport of proteins
26
Q

describe SER

A
  • system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space
  • no ribosomes
27
Q

function of SER

A

synthesises and processes lipids and carbohydrates

28
Q

describe vesicle

A

small fluid filled sac in cytoplasm, membrane bound

29
Q

function of vesicle

A
  • transports substances in and out of cell via plasma membrane and between cells
  • some formed by Golgi apparatus
  • some formed by endoplasmic reticulum
  • some formed at cell surface
30
Q

describe lysosome

A
  • membrane bound
  • no clear internal structure
  • contains digestive enzymes
31
Q

function of lysosome

A
  • contains digestive enzymes
  • can be used to digest invading cells
  • breaks down worn down components
32
Q

describe Golgi apparatus

A
  • fluid filled flattened sacs
  • formed of cisternae
33
Q

function of Golgi apparatus

A

it produces and packages lipids and proteins into vesicles and modifies them. can be secretory vesicles or lysosomes.

34
Q

describe mitochondria

A
  • double membrane
  • inner membrane is folded to form cristae
  • inside is the fluid matrix
  • contain (mt)DNA
  • produce their own enzymes
  • reproduce themselves
35
Q

function of mitochondria

A
  • site of aerobic respiration , where ATP is produced
  • found in large number in active cells that need the energy
36
Q

describe chloroplast

A
  • small flattened structure
  • double membrane
  • contains grana which are attached by membranes called thylakoids
  • grana are linked together by llamelae
  • fluid is called stroma
37
Q

function of chloroplasts

A
  • site of photosynthesis
  • some parts take place in grana
  • other parts in stroma
38
Q

describe centriole

A

small, hollow cylinders made of microtubules

39
Q

function of centrioles

A

separates chromosomes in cell divison by producing spindle fibres

40
Q

describe cilia

A
  • small hair like structures
  • outer membrane and ring of 9 pairs of microtubules inside
  • with a single pair of microtubules in the middle
41
Q

describe flagellum

A
  • longer than cilia
  • 2 microtubules in the centre, with 9 pairs of microtubules surrounding them inside.
42
Q

describe cytoskeleton

A

network of protein fibres/ threads

43
Q

describe microfilaments

A

-made from protein ACTIN
- each filament is about 7nm diameter
- gives support & mechanical strength to cell to help it keep its shape
- allows whole cells to move
- allows a cell to split into 2 daughter cells at the end of mitosis

44
Q

describe microtubules

A
  • made of protein sub-units called TUBULIN
  • each microtubule is about 18-30nm
    diameter
  • provide shape and support
  • move organelles through cytoplasm from one part of the cell to another-
    form a “track” for organelles and vesicles to move along
  • make up the spindle needed for chromosome movement during
    mitosis/meiosis
  • make up cilia, flagella & centrioles
45
Q

describe intermediate fibres

A
  • made up of lots of proteins
  • 10nm in diameter
  • anchor the nucleus within the cytoplasm
  • extend in between cells, helping to anchor cells in place together on a
    “basement membrane” – stabilising the structure of tissues

AS biology (10 decks)

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