2.1.1 cell structure Flashcards
differences with organelles in animals and plant cells
plant cell has everything animal cell has but also has chloroplasts, plasmodesma, vacuole, and cell wall
plasma membrane
made of lipids and proteins. regulates movement in and out. has receptor molecules to respond to hormones.
cell wall
surrounds plant cells and made of cellulose. supports plant cells
nucleus
controls cells activities like transcription of DNA. pores allows substances to move between nucleus and cytoplasm. nucleolus makes ribosomes
lysosomes
round organelle surrounded by membrane. contains digestive enzymes to digest invading cells and break down worn out things in cell
ribosome
round organelle either free or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum. made up of protein & RNA. not surrounded by membrane. where proteins are made.
RER
membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space. covered w ribosomes. folds and processes proteins.
SER
similar to RER but w no ribosomes. synthesises and processes lipids
vesicle
fluid filled sac. transports substances in and out of cell. formed at golgi or ER or cell surface.
golgi apparatus
membrane bound flattened sac. process and packages new lipids and proteins. it also processes and packages new lipids and proteins. makes lysosomes.
mitochondrion
double membrane. when folded its cristae. inside is matrix. site of aerobic respiration where ATP.
chloroplast
flattened structure found in plant cells. double membrane and also membranes inside called thylakoid membranes. these membranes stacked to form grana. site of photosynthesis in grana and stroma.
centriole
hollow cylinders made of micro tubules found in animal and some plant cells. involved in separation of chromosomes.
cilia
hair like structures. nine pairs of protein microtubules. microtubules allow cilia to move which moves substances along cell surface.
flagellum
same as cilia but longer. microtubules contract to make flagellum move
protein production process
proteins made at ribosomes
proteins produced at RER are folded and processed in the RER
transported from RER to golgi in vesicles
at golgi proteins undergo further processing
proteins enter more vesicles and move around cell and glycoproteins secreted
cytoskeleton
microtubules and microfilaments support organelles and keep them in position. also help strengthen and maintain shape.
responsible with movements of materials and chromosomes.
propels cell through cilia and flagella
differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes smaller
prokaryotes circular eukaryotes linear
prokaryotes no nucleus eukaryotes nucleus
prokaryotes no membrane bound organelles. eukaryotes many organelles
prokaryotes small ribosomes. eukaryotes larger ribosomes
magnification formula
image size
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object size
light microscope
uses light
lower resolution. max res is 0.2microm
max magnification is x1500
laser scanning confocal microscope
uses laser beams to scan specimen w fluorescent dye
laser causes dye to fluoresce. light focuses through pinhole onto detector. detector connected to computer. 3D image. can be used on objects at different depths and thick specimens
electron microscope
TEM are high res but only used on thin specimens. 2D image
SEM low res. 3D image
staining for light microscope and electron
methylene blue provides contrast
different dyes used for different things
methylene blue for DNA.
eosin for cytoplasm
LEAD FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
dry mount
thin slice of specimen
use tweezers to pick up specimen
put cover slip on top
wet mount
drop of water slide
using tweezers place specimen on it
cover slip avoiding air bubbles
put tissue on one side and stain on the other.
eyepiece graticule
look how to use
