2.1.1 cell structure

Question 1

differences with organelles in animals and plant cells

Answer 1

plant cell has everything animal cell has but also has chloroplasts, plasmodesma, vacuole, and cell wall

Question 2

plasma membrane

Answer 2

made of lipids and proteins. regulates movement in and out. has receptor molecules to respond to hormones.

Question 3

cell wall

Answer 3

surrounds plant cells and made of cellulose. supports plant cells

Question 4

nucleus

Answer 4

controls cells activities like transcription of DNA. pores allows substances to move between nucleus and cytoplasm. nucleolus makes ribosomes

Question 5

lysosomes

Answer 5

round organelle surrounded by membrane. contains digestive enzymes to digest invading cells and break down worn out things in cell

Question 6

ribosome

Answer 6

round organelle either free or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum. made up of protein & RNA. not surrounded by membrane. where proteins are made.

Question 7

RER

Answer 7

membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space. covered w ribosomes. folds and processes proteins.

Question 8

SER

Answer 8

similar to RER but w no ribosomes. synthesises and processes lipids

Question 9

vesicle

Answer 9

fluid filled sac. transports substances in and out of cell. formed at golgi or ER or cell surface.

Question 10

golgi apparatus

Answer 10

membrane bound flattened sac. process and packages new lipids and proteins. it also processes and packages new lipids and proteins. makes lysosomes.

Question 11

mitochondrion

Answer 11

double membrane. when folded its cristae. inside is matrix. site of aerobic respiration where ATP.

Question 12

chloroplast

Answer 12

flattened structure found in plant cells. double membrane and also membranes inside called thylakoid membranes. these membranes stacked to form grana. site of photosynthesis in grana and stroma.

Question 13

centriole

Answer 13

hollow cylinders made of micro tubules found in animal and some plant cells. involved in separation of chromosomes.

Question 14

cilia

Answer 14

hair like structures. nine pairs of protein microtubules. microtubules allow cilia to move which moves substances along cell surface.

Question 15

flagellum

Answer 15

same as cilia but longer. microtubules contract to make flagellum move

Question 16

protein production process

Answer 16

proteins made at ribosomes
proteins produced at RER are folded and processed in the RER
transported from RER to golgi in vesicles
at golgi proteins undergo further processing
proteins enter more vesicles and move around cell and glycoproteins secreted

Question 17

cytoskeleton

Answer 17

microtubules and microfilaments support organelles and keep them in position. also help strengthen and maintain shape.
responsible with movements of materials and chromosomes.
propels cell through cilia and flagella

Question 18

differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 18

prokaryotes smaller
prokaryotes circular eukaryotes linear
prokaryotes no nucleus eukaryotes nucleus
prokaryotes no membrane bound organelles. eukaryotes many organelles
prokaryotes small ribosomes. eukaryotes larger ribosomes

Question 19

magnification formula

Answer 19

image size
—————
object size

Question 20

light microscope

Answer 20

uses light
lower resolution. max res is 0.2microm
max magnification is x1500

Question 21

laser scanning confocal microscope

Answer 21

uses laser beams to scan specimen w fluorescent dye
laser causes dye to fluoresce. light focuses through pinhole onto detector. detector connected to computer. 3D image. can be used on objects at different depths and thick specimens

Question 22

electron microscope

Answer 22

TEM are high res but only used on thin specimens. 2D image
SEM low res. 3D image

Question 23

staining for light microscope and electron

Answer 23

methylene blue provides contrast
different dyes used for different things
methylene blue for DNA.
eosin for cytoplasm

LEAD FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Question 24

dry mount

Answer 24

thin slice of specimen
use tweezers to pick up specimen
put cover slip on top

Question 25

wet mount

Answer 25

drop of water slide
using tweezers place specimen on it
cover slip avoiding air bubbles
put tissue on one side and stain on the other.

Question 26

eyepiece graticule

Answer 26

look how to use