2.1.1 Cell Structure Flashcards
Animal Cell
Plasma cell surface membrane, RER, SER, Golgi Apparatus, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Lysosome, Ribosome, Cytoplasm, Mitochondrion, Centriole.
Plant Cell
Plasma cell surface membrane, RER, SER, Golgi Apparatus, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Lysosome, Ribosome, Cytoplasm, Mitochondrion, Cellulose cell wall, Permanent vacuole, Chloroplast.
Prokaryotic Cell
Circular DNA, Plasmids, No nucleus, Peptidoglycan cell wall, Flagella in helix, No membrane bound organelles.
Plasma cell surface membrane
Membrane on the surface of animal cells and inside plant and prokaryotic walls. Made of lipids and protein. Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Receptor molecules allow it to respond to chemicals.
Cell Wall
Chitin in fungi, cellulose in plants, peptidoglycan in bacteria. Tensile strength and resisting osmotic stress.
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope and pores, chromatin, nucleolus. Controls cells activities by controlling transcription as it contains the genes and instructions.
Nucleolus
Makes ribosomes.
Lysosome
Membrane bound organelle with digestive enzymes to break down or digest invading cells and worn out cellular components.
Ribosome
Not membrane bound, two subunits, 70s in prokaryotic and 80s in eukaryotic. Protein synthesis.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
System of membrane enclosed fluid space with ribosomes on the surface. Folds and processes proteins made at the ribosomes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
System of membrane enclosed fluid space. Synthesises and processes lipids.
Golgi Apparatus
Stack of flattened sacs often with branching vesicles. Packages and processes lipids and proteins and makes lysosomes.
Vesicle
Membrane bound fluid filled sac. Transport in and out and around the cell.
Mitochondrion
Double membrane, one is folded to form cristae, inside is the matrix which contains enzymes. Aerobic respiration for ATP.
Chloroplast
Double membrane, membranes called thylakoid joined to make grana and linked by lamellae, fluid part called stroma. Site of photosynthesis in grana or stroma.
Centriole
Made of microtubules Seperation of chromosomes in cell division.
Cilia
Hair like structure, 9+2 microtubules. Move substances along the cell surface as they are external.
Flagella
9+2 microtubules.
Microtubules contract to move the cell.
Protein Production
- Nucleus contains DNA and genes needed to transcribe MRNA using ribosomes
- Translation occurs at the ribosomes/RER
- Protein is modified and packaged into vesicles at the Golgi
- Cytoskeleton moves vesicles to the cell surface membrane or organelles
Cytoskeleton
Support organelles.
Strengthen cell and maintain shape.
Movement of materials in the cell such as chromosomes.
Whole cell movement by controlling cilia and flagella.
Magnification
How many times bigger the image size is compared to the actual size of a specimen. IAM.
Resolution
The ability to distinguish between two very close points.
Light Microscopes
0.2 µm, X 1500 2D
Colour, live samples, light passes through sample.
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopes
3D, passes laser through.
Transmission Electron Microscope
0.0002 µm, X 1,000,000 2D
Black and white, dead samples, electromagnets pass electrons and the more dense absorb more electrons.
Scanning Electron Microscope
0.002, X 500,000, 3D
Black and white, dead samples, electrons knock off electrons which are collected in cathode ray tube.
Staining
Shows contrast, makes organelles visible.
Methylene blue in light, heavy metal in electron.
Mounts
Dry- Thin sample, place on slide using tweezers, place coverslip.
Wet- Water on slide, thin sample placed using tweezers, put coverslip upright and tilts and lower, place dye on one side.
How to use a microscope
- Clip the slide onto the stage
- Lowest power objective lens (lowest magnification)
- Coarse adjustment knob to bring stage to below objective lens
- Look down the eyepiece and adjust coarse adjustment knob and then fine adjustment knob
