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Biology > 2.1 Producing new cells Multicellular Organisms > Flashcards

2.1 Producing new cells Multicellular Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

THE CELL IS …

A

THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

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2
Q

Give an example of UNICELLULAR Organism & explain what they are required for.

A

UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS have only 1 single cell :

Examples:
AMOEBA
BACTERIA
PARAMOECIUM

Cell division Required for REPRODUCTION

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3
Q

Give an example of MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM and explain what it’s required fo.

A

MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS are made of more than one cell

EXAMPLES:
PLANTS
ANIMALS

CELL DIVISION REQUIRED FOR GROWTH AND REPAIR.

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4
Q

What is the HIERARCHY within the s of MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS?

A
  1. CELL
  2. TISSUE
  3. ORGAN
  4. SYSTEM
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5
Q

WHAT DOES THE NUCLEUS OF A CELL CONTAIN AND HOW IS IT ORGANISED?

A

THE NUCLEUS OF A CELL CONTAINS GENETIC INFORMATION CALLED DNA WHICH IS ORGANISED INTO CHROMOSOMES.

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6
Q

SPECIALISED CELLS, in the bodies of MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS, are organised into groups called what 3 groups?

A

TISSUES, ORGANS & ORGAN SYSTEMS

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7
Q

WHAT IS THE CHROMOSOME COMPLIMENT OF A CELL?

A

THE CHROMOSOME COMPLIMENT OF A CELL IS THE NUMBER AND TYPE OF CHROMOSOMES IT CONTAINS.

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8
Q

The chromosome compliment of a most cells is DIPLOID, what does that mean?

A

their NUCLEI have TWO matching sets of CHROMOSOMES.

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9
Q

What is MITOSIS?

A

MITOSIS is the term given to the process of cell division of diploid cells.

Mitosis provides NEW CELLS for GROWTH and REPAIR of DAMAGED cells.

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10
Q

In Mitosis, the nucleus of a diploid parent cell divides to produce what?

A

TWO DIPLOID NUCLEUS

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11
Q

Before mitosis starts, each chromosome undergoes what?

A

DNA REPLICATION to form TWO CHROMATIDS.

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12
Q

What is the sequence of events in Mitosis?

A
  1. CHROMOSOMES become visible after undergoing DNA replication.
  2. Chromosomes SHORTEN and posit up with CHROMATIDS
  3. Nuclear membrane disappears and CHROMATIDS LINE UP at the cells EQUATOR
  4. SPINDLE FIBRES pull apart chromosomes to OPPOSITE POLES in the cell
  5. Nuclear membranes forms around groups of chromosomes and cytoplasm divides
  6. 2 identical daughter s formed.
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13
Q

After Mitosis, the cell CYTOPLASM splits between the new nuclei to form what?

A

TWO DAUGHTER CELLS

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14
Q

Daughter cells are GENETICALLY IDENTICAL to …

A

Their PARENT CELLS

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15
Q

Why does MITOSIS maintain the DIPLOID CHROMOSOME COMPLIMENT?

A

To ensure that each DAUGHTER CELL has all the GENETIC INFORMATION it needs to carry out its functions.

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16
Q

What are STEM CELLS?

A

Stem cells are UNSPECIALISED ANIMAL cells that are involved in growth and repair. They can:

(1) Self renew by mitosis and remain unspecialised
(2) Develop into various types of specialised cells

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17
Q

STEM CELLS can be obtained from the EMBRYO at a very early stage.

In addition, where can TISSUE stem cells be found?

A

TISSUE STEM CELLS can be found in the body throughout life.

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18
Q

STEM CELLS have the potential to become different types of SPECIALISED CELLS in …

A

MULTICELLULAR animals.

18
Q

STEM CELLS are involved in the growth of …

A

ANIMALS

19
Q

STEM CELLS are involved in what?

A

The REPAIR OF DAMAGED OR DISEASED TISSUES in ANIMALS

20
Q

What is a TISSUE?

A

A TISSUE is a group of similarly SPECIALISED cells carrying out the SAME BROAD FUNCTION.

21
Q

Give an example of a MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM made up from cells?

A

A HUMAN BEING

22
Q

What is the DIPLOID COMPLIMENT IN HUNANS?

A

46

23
Q

What does the term NUCLEUS mean?

A

The NUCLEUS - Organelle in a cell containing diploid chromosome compliment

24
Q

Explain the term CHROMOSOME

A

Structure in which genetic information I’d packaged

25
Q

Explain the term GENE

A

Unit of genetic information found in a chromosome

27
Q

What does DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) mean

A

Substance of which genes are composed and into which genetic information is coded

28
Q

What does DIPLOID mean

A

Cell that contain 2 sets of chromosomes eg every cell except gamers.

29
Q

What does HAPLOID mean?

A

Cells that contain one, single set of chromosomes eg sex cells

30
Q

Stem cells are unspecialised animal cells, found in 2 places, where?

A

(1) Embryos (Embryonic stem cells). Can become any type of cell in the body if obtained early
(2) Adult tissue (adult stem cells) can be found in the body throughout life but if linked to that particular tissue

31
Q

What are the ethical issues surrounding stem cell research?

A

The main criticism is that this research is that it required

THE DESTRUCTION OF A FERTILISED HUMAN EGG THAT WAS NOT GIVEN CHANCE TO DEVELOP INTO A FULLY DEVELOPED HUMAN.

32
Q

What are specialised cells

A

Specialised cells are specially adapted to suit their function by having structural adaptations to help them do their job more effectively

Specialisation off cells occur in all Multicellular organisms.

33
Q

What is the function of the red blood cell?

A

To uptake and transport oxygen around the body to living cells.

34
Q

What if the function of the motor neuron cell?

A

Transmission of nerve impulses

35
Q

What is the function of the sperm cell?

A

To fertilise an egg cell to form a zygote

36
Q

What is the function of the root hair cell (plant)

A

Absorption of water and minerals needed by the plant

37
Q

What is the function of the epidermal cell?

A

Protection of the plant

38
Q

What are the specialised features of the red blood cell

A

Small size and biconcave shape provide a large surface area.

Has a rich supply of haemoglobin

Contains no nucleus

39
Q

What are the specialised features of motor neurons

A

Has an axon which is a long extension of the cytoplasm to send signals

40
Q

What specialised features does the stem cell have

A

Has a long tail to swim towards the egg for fertilisation

41
Q

What are the Specialisation features of root hair cell (plant)

A

Long extensions which provide a large surface area in contact with soil solution

42
Q

What are the specialised features of the epidermal cell (plant)

A

Irregular shape allows cells to fit together like a jigsaw and form a strong layer.

43
Q

Give an example of a diploid cell

A

Skin or muscle cells

Biology (2 decks)

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