2.1 Producing new cells Multicellular Organisms Flashcards
THE CELL IS …
THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
Give an example of UNICELLULAR Organism & explain what they are required for.
UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS have only 1 single cell :
Examples:
AMOEBA
BACTERIA
PARAMOECIUM
Cell division Required for REPRODUCTION
Give an example of MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM and explain what it’s required fo.
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS are made of more than one cell
EXAMPLES:
PLANTS
ANIMALS
CELL DIVISION REQUIRED FOR GROWTH AND REPAIR.
What is the HIERARCHY within the s of MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS?
- CELL
- TISSUE
- ORGAN
- SYSTEM
WHAT DOES THE NUCLEUS OF A CELL CONTAIN AND HOW IS IT ORGANISED?
THE NUCLEUS OF A CELL CONTAINS GENETIC INFORMATION CALLED DNA WHICH IS ORGANISED INTO CHROMOSOMES.
SPECIALISED CELLS, in the bodies of MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS, are organised into groups called what 3 groups?
TISSUES, ORGANS & ORGAN SYSTEMS
WHAT IS THE CHROMOSOME COMPLIMENT OF A CELL?
THE CHROMOSOME COMPLIMENT OF A CELL IS THE NUMBER AND TYPE OF CHROMOSOMES IT CONTAINS.
The chromosome compliment of a most cells is DIPLOID, what does that mean?
their NUCLEI have TWO matching sets of CHROMOSOMES.
What is MITOSIS?
MITOSIS is the term given to the process of cell division of diploid cells.
Mitosis provides NEW CELLS for GROWTH and REPAIR of DAMAGED cells.
In Mitosis, the nucleus of a diploid parent cell divides to produce what?
TWO DIPLOID NUCLEUS
Before mitosis starts, each chromosome undergoes what?
DNA REPLICATION to form TWO CHROMATIDS.
What is the sequence of events in Mitosis?
- CHROMOSOMES become visible after undergoing DNA replication.
- Chromosomes SHORTEN and posit up with CHROMATIDS
- Nuclear membrane disappears and CHROMATIDS LINE UP at the cells EQUATOR
- SPINDLE FIBRES pull apart chromosomes to OPPOSITE POLES in the cell
- Nuclear membranes forms around groups of chromosomes and cytoplasm divides
- 2 identical daughter s formed.
After Mitosis, the cell CYTOPLASM splits between the new nuclei to form what?
TWO DAUGHTER CELLS
Daughter cells are GENETICALLY IDENTICAL to …
Their PARENT CELLS
Why does MITOSIS maintain the DIPLOID CHROMOSOME COMPLIMENT?
To ensure that each DAUGHTER CELL has all the GENETIC INFORMATION it needs to carry out its functions.
What are STEM CELLS?
Stem cells are UNSPECIALISED ANIMAL cells that are involved in growth and repair. They can:
(1) Self renew by mitosis and remain unspecialised
(2) Develop into various types of specialised cells
STEM CELLS can be obtained from the EMBRYO at a very early stage.
In addition, where can TISSUE stem cells be found?
TISSUE STEM CELLS can be found in the body throughout life.
STEM CELLS have the potential to become different types of SPECIALISED CELLS in …
MULTICELLULAR animals.
STEM CELLS are involved in the growth of …
ANIMALS
STEM CELLS are involved in what?
The REPAIR OF DAMAGED OR DISEASED TISSUES in ANIMALS
What is a TISSUE?
A TISSUE is a group of similarly SPECIALISED cells carrying out the SAME BROAD FUNCTION.
Give an example of a MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM made up from cells?
A HUMAN BEING
What is the DIPLOID COMPLIMENT IN HUNANS?
46
What does the term NUCLEUS mean?
The NUCLEUS - Organelle in a cell containing diploid chromosome compliment
Explain the term CHROMOSOME
Structure in which genetic information I’d packaged
Explain the term GENE
Unit of genetic information found in a chromosome
What does DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) mean
Substance of which genes are composed and into which genetic information is coded
What does DIPLOID mean
Cell that contain 2 sets of chromosomes eg every cell except gamers.
What does HAPLOID mean?
Cells that contain one, single set of chromosomes eg sex cells
Stem cells are unspecialised animal cells, found in 2 places, where?
(1) Embryos (Embryonic stem cells). Can become any type of cell in the body if obtained early
(2) Adult tissue (adult stem cells) can be found in the body throughout life but if linked to that particular tissue
What are the ethical issues surrounding stem cell research?
The main criticism is that this research is that it required
THE DESTRUCTION OF A FERTILISED HUMAN EGG THAT WAS NOT GIVEN CHANCE TO DEVELOP INTO A FULLY DEVELOPED HUMAN.
What are specialised cells
Specialised cells are specially adapted to suit their function by having structural adaptations to help them do their job more effectively
Specialisation off cells occur in all Multicellular organisms.
What is the function of the red blood cell?
To uptake and transport oxygen around the body to living cells.
What if the function of the motor neuron cell?
Transmission of nerve impulses
What is the function of the sperm cell?
To fertilise an egg cell to form a zygote
What is the function of the root hair cell (plant)
Absorption of water and minerals needed by the plant
What is the function of the epidermal cell?
Protection of the plant
What are the specialised features of the red blood cell
Small size and biconcave shape provide a large surface area.
Has a rich supply of haemoglobin
Contains no nucleus
What are the specialised features of motor neurons
Has an axon which is a long extension of the cytoplasm to send signals
What specialised features does the stem cell have
Has a long tail to swim towards the egg for fertilisation
What are the Specialisation features of root hair cell (plant)
Long extensions which provide a large surface area in contact with soil solution
What are the specialised features of the epidermal cell (plant)
Irregular shape allows cells to fit together like a jigsaw and form a strong layer.
Give an example of a diploid cell
Skin or muscle cells
