2.1 Perception Flashcards
2.1.A.1 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing
Top-down processing
example?
higher level mental processes, construct perceptions based on experience/expectations- big picture rather than details
that ed sheeran picture
2.1.A.1 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing
Bottom-up processing
example?
Starts with incoming stimulus, works upwards to form object- entry level, no prior knowledge needed
very zoomed picture of a side of a coin
2.1.A.2 Internal Factors that Influence Perception
Schemas
example?
Mental filters/maps that organize our information, can impact our perceptual sets
schema of a doctor: white lab coat, mask
2.1.A.2 Internal Factors that Influence Perception
Perceptual set
example?
Tendency to perceive or notice only some aspects of available sensory data
friend says movie is bad, when you watch it you have an expectation
2.1.A.2 Internal Factors that Influence Perception
Perception
Process of interpreting/organizing sensory information- helps us recognize events or objects of significance
2.1.A.3 External Factors that Influence Perceptions
Cocktail party effect
Being able to focus auditory attention on only one stimulus while filtering others out
2.1.A.3 External Factors that Influence Perceptions
Inattentional blindness
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
2.1.A.3 External Factors that Influence Perceptions
Change blindness
Failing to notice change in environment around us
2.1.A.4 Perceptual Principles
Gestalt psychology
An organized whole. Emphasis on our tendency to combine knowledge into meaningful wholes
2.1.A.4 Perceptual Principles
Closure
Filling in gaps to create a whole
2.1.A.4 Perceptual Principles
Figure and ground
Ability to visually differentiate between object and background
2.1.A.4 Perceptual Principles
Proximity
Objects close together will be viewed together
2.1.A.4 Perceptual Principles
Similarity
Objects that share similar traits will be visually grouped together
2.1.A.5 Attention
Attention
State of consciousness in which a person can respond to a stimulus or stimuli
2.1.A.5.I Selective Attention
Selective attention
Focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
2.1.B.1 Binocular Cues
Binocular cues
Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on two eyes
2.1.B.1 Binocular Cues
Convergence
When two eyes move inwards to see near objects, and outward to see far objects
more convergence=closer object
2.1.B.1 Binocular Cues
Retinal Disparity
Perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in both eyes. Greater the disparity/difference, the closer the object
2.1.B.2 Monocular Cues
Monocular cues
examples?
Depth cues available too either eye alone
interposition, linear perspective
2.1.B.2 Monocular Cues
Relative clarity
Because light from distant objects passes through more light than closer objects, we perceive hazy objects as being further
2.1.B.2 Monocular Cues
Relative size
If two objects are similar in size, we perceive the smaller image to be farther away
2.1.B.2 Monocular Cues
Texture gradient
Textures that are closer to us are more clear/detailed, while those that are further are denser and carry less detail
2.1.B.2 Monocular Cues
Linear perspective
example?
Parallel lines appear to meet in the distance/hoorizon
railroad tracks, etc
2.1.B.2 Monocular Cues
Interposition
Objects that block/overlap other objects are closer
2.1.B.3 Visual Perceptual Constancies
Perceptual Constancies
Our ability and need to perceive objects as unchanging even as changes in illumination, distance, POV, occurs
2.1.B.4 Apparent Movement
Apparent motion
Appeearance of real motion from a sequence of still images (like movies or video recordings)
