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MODULE 2 Anatomy / Physiology > 2.1: General Anatomy of Respiratory System > Flashcards

2.1: General Anatomy of Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define Gross anatomy.

A

the study of the organs and structures of the human body visible to the naked eye.

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2
Q

The lungs are: (a or b)?

a) symmetrical
b) asymmetrical

A

The lungs are asymetrical

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3
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have? Name them.

A

the right lung has 3 lobes. Superior, middle, inferior lobes.

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4
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have? Name them.

A

the left lung has 2 lobes. Superior and inferior lobes.

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5
Q

Why are the lungs asymmetrical?

A

This asymmetry is due the position of the heart, which is situated slightly to the left of the median plane.

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6
Q

What is the HILUM? What happens at the hilum? Where is it located?

A

The hilum is known as the “root” of the lung. This is where the pulmonary vessels and bronchi enter each lung.

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7
Q

What is referred to as the “root of the lung”?

A

the Hilum.

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8
Q

Healthy lung tissue has a very light texture and is what color?

A

peachy/pink in color

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9
Q

Both the left and right lungs have oblique fissures. However, the right lung also has a ________ fissure separating the superior and middle lobes.

A

Horizontal fissure

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10
Q

What is the name of the membranes that cover the surface of the lung and the cavity surrounding the lungs?

A

The pleurae

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11
Q

The _______ directly covers the lungs

A

The visceral pleura

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12
Q

What covers the surfaces surrounding the lungs: the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum

A

The parieta pleura

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13
Q

The space that is formed between the pleurae is called the _____.

A

the pleural space or cavity

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14
Q

What are 2 things that pleurae do?

A
  1. reduce friction and provide a negative pressure environment needed for lung inflation.
  2. pull lungs open with the chest wall during inhalation
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15
Q

The anatomical organization of the respiratory system allows the respiratory system to perform three main functions. Name all 3.

A

1) air conduction
2) air filtration
3) exchange of gases (respiration)

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16
Q

What are three (3) additional roles for the respiratory system in the body?

A
  1. vocalizations
  2. sense of smell
  3. pH regulation
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17
Q

Name the 3 major portions of the respiratory system.

A
  1. conducting portion
  2. filtration portion
  3. respiratory portion
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18
Q

Name the 6 parts in the conducting portion of the respiratory system.

A
  1. Nostril - nasal cavities
  2. Pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Paired main (primary) bronchi (bronchi is the plural form of bronchus)
  6. Bronchioles: secondary and tertiary
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19
Q

What comprises the filtration system in the respiratory system?

A
  1. Nostrils: hairs, cilia, and mucus producing goblet cells

2. Trachea and bronchi: cilia and mucus producing goblet cells

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20
Q

Name the 4 parts in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system.

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
  4. Alveoli
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21
Q

The human respiratory system includes all structures that conduct air to and from the lungs.
True of False?

A

True

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22
Q

What structures does air move through in the respiratory system? (name all 5 in order of how the air moves through).

A

Air moves through the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi to the lungs

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23
Q

What happens to the air as it moves through the structures of the respiratory system?

A

Along the way, air is filtered so that it is free of debris, warmed, and humidified. By the time the air reaches the lungs, it is at body temperature and saturated with water

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24
Q

What is another term for nasal cavities?

A

fossae

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25
Q

What are the two things that the nasal cavities are made of?

A

bone and cartilage

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26
Q

The left and right (nasal cavities) fossae are separated by the nasal _____

A

nasal septum

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27
Q

What is the name of the most external portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils?

A

The vestibule

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28
Q

What is the vestibule lined with?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

which is a continuation of the skin from the face

29
Q

Short thick hairs called vibrissae act as a screening device for the respiratory tract. True or False?

A

True

30
Q

To accomplish warming the air, the nasal cavity is highly vascularized (has a large number of blood vessels). This is one reason why ____________ can commonly occur.

A

nosebleeds

31
Q

Nasal cavities are part of which portion of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting portion (nasal cavities)

32
Q

The Pharynx is comprised of 3 regions. Name them.

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

33
Q

The nasopharynx is the connection area between the _____ and _____, generally above the soft palate

A

nasal cavity and pharynx

34
Q

What are the names of the tubes that connect the nasopharynx to each middle ear?

A

Eustachian tubes

35
Q

Where is the oropharynx region located from the mouth and to the epiglottis?

A

Inferior (caudal) to the mouth

anterior to the epiglottis

36
Q

What is the area where the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus meet?

A

The laryngopharynx

37
Q

The larynogopharynx is superior and posterior to the larynx. True or False?

A

True

38
Q

Why does epithelium vary within the pharynx?

A

Because of the amount of movement within the area.

Stratified squamous epithelium protects these tissues from frictional damage.

39
Q

The hard palate and soft palate separate the nasal cavities from what?

A

the mouth (the oral cavity)

40
Q

The air and food passages cross in the pharynx. Because both food and air cross in this region, there is danger of _________ when food or liquid accidentally enters the trachea.

A

aspiration - when food or liquid accidentally enters the trachea.

41
Q

Name 3 advantages of shared passage?

A
  1. lets air enter through the mouth in case the nasal cavity is obstructed (such as nasal congestion).
  2. allows for relatively normal breathing during eating.
  3. permits greater intake of air during heavy exercise, when greater gas exchange is required.
42
Q

Hard palate is another term for what?

A

roof of mouth

43
Q

Air passes from the mouth or nose through the regions of the pharynx, then to the ______.

A

Larynx

44
Q

What is the larynx referred to being?

A

the voice box

45
Q

The vocal cords or folds are also located where?

A

the Larynx

46
Q

What is the opening into the larynx called where the vocal folds are located?

A

glottis

47
Q

What are the “true vocal folds”?

A

At the edges of the glottis, embedded in mucous membranes, are the vocal folds (“true vocal cords”). These flexible and pliable bands of connective tissue vibrate and produce sound when air is expelled past them through the glottis from the larynx.

48
Q

The larynx is attached to the _____. They both are permanently held open to receive air.

A

trachea

49
Q

The larynx is made up of what 2 types of cartiliges?

A

single cartilages and paired cartilages

50
Q

Single cartilages (located in the Larynx) include the 3 things. Name them (hint - 2 are cartilages).

A

epiglottis, cartilage and thyroid cartilage

51
Q

The thyroid cartilage is commonly referred to as what?

A

Adam’s apple

52
Q

Paired cartilages are smaller in size to the single cartilages and include the arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilages

A

Paired cartilages are smaller in size to the single cartilages and include the arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilages

53
Q

Except for the vocal fold area, the laryngopharynx is lined with what?

A

typical respiratory epithelium

54
Q

Aspiration refers to bits of food, liquid, or particles that travel into the trachea. Aspiration may cause pneumonia (infections of the lungs) if there is a large amount of food or liquid that is aspirated and travels to the lungs.

A

Aspiration refers to bits of food, liquid, or particles that travel into the trachea. Aspiration may cause pneumonia (infections of the lungs) if there is a large amount of food or liquid that is aspirated and travels to the lungs.

55
Q

What are the four (4) steps of respiration?

A
  1. Breathing - Inspiration (breathe air in) and expiration (breathe air out)
  2. External respiration - gas exchange with environment at a respiratory surface
  3. Internal respiration - gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid
  4. Aerobic cellular respiration - production of ATP in cells
56
Q

What does breathing involve? (two breathing processes)

A

inspiration (breathing air in)

expiration (breathing air out)

57
Q

What happens during external respiration?

A

gas exchange with environment at a respiratory surface

58
Q

What happens during internal respiration?

A

gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid

59
Q

What takes place during aerobic cellular respiration?

A

production of ATP in cells

60
Q

Gas exchange takes place by the physical process of what?

A

diffusion.

61
Q

For diffusion of the gas exchange to be effective, the gas exchange region must be three things. Name all three.

A

the gas exchange region must be:

  1. moist
  2. thin
  3. large in relation to the size of the body
62
Q

The effectiveness of diffulsion is enhanced by extensive vascularization of the lungs, and delivery of oxygen to cells is promoted by an oxygen carrying molecule. Name an example.

A

the hemoglobin

63
Q

Air is a rich source of oxygen compared to water; however, it does have a drying effect on respiratory surfaces.

Approximately how many milliliters (ml) of water per day does a human lose when the air has a relative humidity of only 50%?

A

350 ml

64
Q

It is estimated that humans have a total surface area of at least _______ times the skin’s surface area.

A

50 times

65
Q

How are the lungs kept from drying out?

A

air is moistened as it moves through passageways leading to the lungs.

66
Q

______ happens as the lungs move air into the respiratory tract (inhalation) and out of the respiratory tract (exhalation).

A

Ventilation

67
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules are in each red blood cell?

A

about 250 million

68
Q

Since there are about 250 million hemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell, each cell can carry more than ______ billion molecules of oxygen.

A

one billion

69
Q

In tissues, some hemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide to form what?

And what does this help?

A

carbaminohemoglobin
which helps to remove carbon dioxide from the tissues

about 30% of carbon dioxide is transported this way.

MODULE 2 Anatomy / Physiology (1 decks)

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