2.1: General Anatomy of Respiratory System Flashcards
Define Gross anatomy.
the study of the organs and structures of the human body visible to the naked eye.
The lungs are: (a or b)?
a) symmetrical
b) asymmetrical
The lungs are asymetrical
How many lobes does the right lung have? Name them.
the right lung has 3 lobes. Superior, middle, inferior lobes.
How many lobes does the left lung have? Name them.
the left lung has 2 lobes. Superior and inferior lobes.
Why are the lungs asymmetrical?
This asymmetry is due the position of the heart, which is situated slightly to the left of the median plane.
What is the HILUM? What happens at the hilum? Where is it located?
The hilum is known as the “root” of the lung. This is where the pulmonary vessels and bronchi enter each lung.
What is referred to as the “root of the lung”?
the Hilum.
Healthy lung tissue has a very light texture and is what color?
peachy/pink in color
Both the left and right lungs have oblique fissures. However, the right lung also has a ________ fissure separating the superior and middle lobes.
Horizontal fissure
What is the name of the membranes that cover the surface of the lung and the cavity surrounding the lungs?
The pleurae
The _______ directly covers the lungs
The visceral pleura
What covers the surfaces surrounding the lungs: the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum
The parieta pleura
The space that is formed between the pleurae is called the _____.
the pleural space or cavity
What are 2 things that pleurae do?
- reduce friction and provide a negative pressure environment needed for lung inflation.
- pull lungs open with the chest wall during inhalation
The anatomical organization of the respiratory system allows the respiratory system to perform three main functions. Name all 3.
1) air conduction
2) air filtration
3) exchange of gases (respiration)
What are three (3) additional roles for the respiratory system in the body?
- vocalizations
- sense of smell
- pH regulation
Name the 3 major portions of the respiratory system.
- conducting portion
- filtration portion
- respiratory portion
Name the 6 parts in the conducting portion of the respiratory system.
- Nostril - nasal cavities
- Pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Paired main (primary) bronchi (bronchi is the plural form of bronchus)
- Bronchioles: secondary and tertiary
What comprises the filtration system in the respiratory system?
- Nostrils: hairs, cilia, and mucus producing goblet cells
2. Trachea and bronchi: cilia and mucus producing goblet cells
Name the 4 parts in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system.
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sacs
- Alveoli
The human respiratory system includes all structures that conduct air to and from the lungs.
True of False?
True
What structures does air move through in the respiratory system? (name all 5 in order of how the air moves through).
Air moves through the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi to the lungs
What happens to the air as it moves through the structures of the respiratory system?
Along the way, air is filtered so that it is free of debris, warmed, and humidified. By the time the air reaches the lungs, it is at body temperature and saturated with water
What is another term for nasal cavities?
fossae
What are the two things that the nasal cavities are made of?
bone and cartilage
The left and right (nasal cavities) fossae are separated by the nasal _____
nasal septum
What is the name of the most external portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils?
The vestibule
What is the vestibule lined with?
stratified squamous epithelium
which is a continuation of the skin from the face
Short thick hairs called vibrissae act as a screening device for the respiratory tract. True or False?
True
To accomplish warming the air, the nasal cavity is highly vascularized (has a large number of blood vessels). This is one reason why ____________ can commonly occur.
nosebleeds
Nasal cavities are part of which portion of the respiratory system?
Conducting portion (nasal cavities)
The Pharynx is comprised of 3 regions. Name them.
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
The nasopharynx is the connection area between the _____ and _____, generally above the soft palate
nasal cavity and pharynx
What are the names of the tubes that connect the nasopharynx to each middle ear?
Eustachian tubes
Where is the oropharynx region located from the mouth and to the epiglottis?
Inferior (caudal) to the mouth
anterior to the epiglottis
What is the area where the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus meet?
The laryngopharynx
The larynogopharynx is superior and posterior to the larynx. True or False?
True
Why does epithelium vary within the pharynx?
Because of the amount of movement within the area.
Stratified squamous epithelium protects these tissues from frictional damage.
The hard palate and soft palate separate the nasal cavities from what?
the mouth (the oral cavity)
The air and food passages cross in the pharynx. Because both food and air cross in this region, there is danger of _________ when food or liquid accidentally enters the trachea.
aspiration - when food or liquid accidentally enters the trachea.
Name 3 advantages of shared passage?
- lets air enter through the mouth in case the nasal cavity is obstructed (such as nasal congestion).
- allows for relatively normal breathing during eating.
- permits greater intake of air during heavy exercise, when greater gas exchange is required.
Hard palate is another term for what?
roof of mouth
Air passes from the mouth or nose through the regions of the pharynx, then to the ______.
Larynx
What is the larynx referred to being?
the voice box
The vocal cords or folds are also located where?
the Larynx
What is the opening into the larynx called where the vocal folds are located?
glottis
What are the “true vocal folds”?
At the edges of the glottis, embedded in mucous membranes, are the vocal folds (“true vocal cords”). These flexible and pliable bands of connective tissue vibrate and produce sound when air is expelled past them through the glottis from the larynx.
The larynx is attached to the _____. They both are permanently held open to receive air.
trachea
The larynx is made up of what 2 types of cartiliges?
single cartilages and paired cartilages
Single cartilages (located in the Larynx) include the 3 things. Name them (hint - 2 are cartilages).
epiglottis, cartilage and thyroid cartilage
The thyroid cartilage is commonly referred to as what?
Adam’s apple
Paired cartilages are smaller in size to the single cartilages and include the arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilages
Paired cartilages are smaller in size to the single cartilages and include the arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilages
Except for the vocal fold area, the laryngopharynx is lined with what?
typical respiratory epithelium
Aspiration refers to bits of food, liquid, or particles that travel into the trachea. Aspiration may cause pneumonia (infections of the lungs) if there is a large amount of food or liquid that is aspirated and travels to the lungs.
Aspiration refers to bits of food, liquid, or particles that travel into the trachea. Aspiration may cause pneumonia (infections of the lungs) if there is a large amount of food or liquid that is aspirated and travels to the lungs.
What are the four (4) steps of respiration?
- Breathing - Inspiration (breathe air in) and expiration (breathe air out)
- External respiration - gas exchange with environment at a respiratory surface
- Internal respiration - gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid
- Aerobic cellular respiration - production of ATP in cells
What does breathing involve? (two breathing processes)
inspiration (breathing air in)
expiration (breathing air out)
What happens during external respiration?
gas exchange with environment at a respiratory surface
What happens during internal respiration?
gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid
What takes place during aerobic cellular respiration?
production of ATP in cells
Gas exchange takes place by the physical process of what?
diffusion.
For diffusion of the gas exchange to be effective, the gas exchange region must be three things. Name all three.
the gas exchange region must be:
- moist
- thin
- large in relation to the size of the body
The effectiveness of diffulsion is enhanced by extensive vascularization of the lungs, and delivery of oxygen to cells is promoted by an oxygen carrying molecule. Name an example.
the hemoglobin
Air is a rich source of oxygen compared to water; however, it does have a drying effect on respiratory surfaces.
Approximately how many milliliters (ml) of water per day does a human lose when the air has a relative humidity of only 50%?
350 ml
It is estimated that humans have a total surface area of at least _______ times the skin’s surface area.
50 times
How are the lungs kept from drying out?
air is moistened as it moves through passageways leading to the lungs.
______ happens as the lungs move air into the respiratory tract (inhalation) and out of the respiratory tract (exhalation).
Ventilation
How many hemoglobin molecules are in each red blood cell?
about 250 million
Since there are about 250 million hemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell, each cell can carry more than ______ billion molecules of oxygen.
one billion
In tissues, some hemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide to form what?
And what does this help?
carbaminohemoglobin
which helps to remove carbon dioxide from the tissues
about 30% of carbon dioxide is transported this way.
