2.1-forms of social control Flashcards
what key aspects create social control
norms and values, socialisation, formal rules and laws, rewards and punishments
what are the agents of social control
family, schools, law enforcement, peers, government
what question do control theories believe we should ask to understand crime
why dont people commit crime?
Who came up with the social bond theory
Hirschi in 1969
what did the social bond theory suggest
all humans suffer from the weakness of being unable to resist temptation, however social bonds with people encourage self control to restrain themselves
what was the social bond theory’s 4 social bonds
belief, attachment, commitment, involvement BACI
what was meant by the social bond of belief
the extent you believe obeying the law and societal norms is the right thing to do, this is based of your moral beliefs, where strong beliefs discourage crime
what was meant by the social bond of attachment
the emotional ties we have to others, and what they would think of us if we committed a crime, strong attachment creates a sense of responsibility
what was meant by the social bond of commitment
investment in conventional activites and goals, such as carrer aspirations such as going to uni, therefore you have more to stand to lose and have at risk
what was meant by the social bond of involvement
participating in activites occupy your time and makes you busy, this provides less opportunities to commit crimes
who came up with the containment theory
Reckless in the 1950’s
what did the containment theory suggest
there are many temptations which push or pull you to crime, to commit crime one must break through outer and inner containment(more important)
what are the 4 key inner containments
self concept, goal orientation, frustration tolerance, norm retention
what is meant by the inner containment of self concept
individuals have an image and perception of themselves, such as their sense of identity and whether they are someone who adheres to the law or not
what is meant by the inner containment of goal orientation
ability to set and pursue realistic goals, and having a sense of direction in your life and purpose
what is meant by the inner containment of frustration tolerance
ability to cope with stress and challenges without having to restore to deviant behaviour
what is meant by the inner containment of norm retention
internalisation and adherance to socials norms and laws, weakn norm rentention leads to norm erosion
what is internal social control
individuals having control of their own behaviour, done by acting in accordance to your conscience and moral compass, therefore conforming is to act our sense of respect
what forms of socialisation create intenal social control
primary- is ages 0-5 and is delivered by your family to instill foundational values
secondary- is after 5 and happens throughout your life, this reinforces expected behaviours with rewards, typically through peers
what are the 3 different forms of internal social control
rational ideology, traditions, internalisation of social rules
what is meant by the internal social control of rational choice
a set of beliefs based on logical reasoning, individuals consciously understand and accept the reasoning behind societal rules. The law standardises and formalisese these societal values
What is an example of rational choice
refraining from murder becuase you understand that life is sacred and should be protected
what is meant by the internal social control of traditions
these are customs that have been established for a long period of time where it has been passed on via generations, this helps guide our behaviour as you may feel an obligation to uphold
what is an example of a tradition
buddhists follow the custom of “ahimsa” where they must refrain from harming any living being therefore must adopt a vegetarian lifestyle
what is meant by the internal social control of internalisation of social rules
this is absorbing social nroms so deeply it becomes part of your personal belief system/ character, this then becomes instinctive
what is an example of internalisation of social rules
avoiding theft when shopping due to the moral rule that stealing is wrong, as this is unfair to someone else
what is external social control
extenal mechanisms and processes that control individual behaviour, this can pressure, coerce or scare us into conforming
what is fomal and informal forms of external social control
informal-unwritten rules enforced by social groups
formal-laws enforced by official systems such as the police and courts
what are the formal and informal sanctions to deviance in external social control
formal- legal sanctions such as prion time or community service
informal- social sanctions such as gossip or exclusion
what is meant by the external social control of coercion
using force to persuade someone to do something they are unwilling to do, this is the ultimate means making it a last resort
what is physical coercion as an external social control
using physical force to control behaviour, for example the police using water cannons and tear gas to physically disperse crowds during protests
what is non-violent coercion as an external social control
non-physical mean to exert control, this can be through threats of harm, for example, teachers may go on strike to protest agaisnt working conditions, which is a financial loss for the business
what is meant by the external social control of fear of punishment
this acts as a deterrent to discourage someone doing what they intend to do, this leads to individuals conforming out of anticipation of negative consequences
what is individual deterrence as an external social control
individual fears direct consequences/punishment that would follow from deviant actions, this is often based of past experiences
what is an example of an individual deterrent
if an individual has previously recieved points on their licence, they are likely to avoid further driving offences, due to fear of losing their driving licence
what is general deterrence as an external social control
it instills fear into the wider population from committing crime, this is generalised across society
what is an example of a general deterrent
high profile criminal trial where the defendant recieves a harsh punishment
what do right realists suggest are the main causes of crime
-biological factors by wilson and herrnstein (1985)
-inadequate socialisation by murray (1990)
-rational choice by clarke (1980)
what do right realists suggest has happended in internal social control to result in criminal behaviour
-failed socialisation during childhood therefore doesnt respect rules
-lacking personal responsibility therefore doesnt internalise societal values
-lack of discipline leads to inability to self regulate
what do right realists suggest has happended in external social control to result in criminal behaviour
-lenient punishment meaning its not feared
-failure of institutions
-benefits outweigh the costs
what are the right realists solutions
-tougher punishments for longer prison sentences
-zero tollerence policing
-target hardening of making it harder to commit crime by increasing security
what do left realists suggest are the main causes of crime
-relative deprivation by lea and young
-marginalisation
-subcultures
what do left realists suggest has happended in internal social control to result in criminal behaviour
-feelings of alienation
-inability to internalise societal values
-adaption to subculture values may lead to adoption of deviant/ alternative norms
what do left realists suggest has happended in external social control to result in criminal behaviour
-weak community ties and may feel excluded
-distrust in authorities
-unequal enforcement where feel disproportionately targetted
what are the left realists solutions
-reducing inequality
-community cohesion
-fair and inclusive policing
