2.1 - Energy Mix, Consumption, Transition (Ukraine

Question 1

What does primary energy refer to?

Answer 1

• actual original source of energy
• eg. Coal, oil, gas, solar etc.

Question 2

What does secondary energy refer to?

Answer 2

• The form in which energy is consumed
• eg. Electricity, kerosene, petrol, diesel etc.

Question 3

How much of the global energy mix is satisfied by fossil fuels?

Answer 3

> 80%

Question 4

What does the term energy mix refer to?

Answer 4

The proportion of primary energy resources it consumes a year

Question 5

What is energy security?

Answer 5

• the uninterrupted availability of sources of energy at affordable prices

Question 6

What determines the success of an energy security strategy?

Answer 6

• long term investment in energy supply that meets economic and environmental needs
• short term ability of system to react to changes in supply and demand of energy
  
  • is able to predict and adapt in real time

Question 7

What does the energy mix of an energy secure nation look like?

Answer 7

• uses a mix of energy sources to prevent overdependance
  
  • mostly homegrown

Question 8

How high is Ukraine’s energy risk?

Answer 8

• 175% higher than the OECD average
• worst score out of any European country in the large energy group

Question 9

How large are Ukraine’s coal reserves?

Answer 9

• 7th largest in the world

Question 10

What is the energy mix of a pre industrial nation like?

Answer 10

• mix of biomass, waste
  
  • cheap + part of subsidence lifestyle
  • used directly for cooking

Question 11

What is the energy mix of an industrial nation like?

Answer 11

• gradual introduction of fossil fuels for power stations and transport
  
  • using basic technology (eg. coal furnaces in power station)
• mainly domestic sources of energy

Question 12

What happens as a result of the energy mix of an industrial nation?

Answer 12

• Makes mass transport and car ownership more popular
  
  • shift in demand towards efficient technology after this
  • potential shift to nuclear and natural gas
    
    • may even become more reliant on foreign sources of energy

Question 13

What is the energy mix of a post-industrial nation like?

Answer 13

• Nuclear and renewables based
  
  • limited by cost
  • using clean energy sources

Question 14

What else needs to be done other than changing energy mixes to make a post industrial country more energy secure?

Answer 14

• research of sophisticated technology eg. Hydrogen fuel cells
  
  • limited by R&D and investment into this
• clean energy sources
• emissions targets dictating energy use
• ensuring energy mix plans are cost sensitive
  
  • affordable by all

Question 15

How does energy consumption evolve as a country develops?

Answer 15

• globalisation occurs
  
  • power grids are developed
  • population also grows, growing middle class
  • disposable income
• middle class people buy appliances
  
  • increased energy consumption
• after a certain point energy consumption decreases
  
  • as people grow more concerned about environment
  • results in appliances becoming more efficient
  • lighting technology improves

Question 16

What are the problems that face Ukraine?

Answer 16

• coal reserves are controlled by separatists
  
  • trade is banned with separatists
• Renewable development stopped after EuroMaidan revolution
• Ukrainian oil refineries are underinvested
  
  • thus are uncompetitive when compared to foreing imports (85% Russian)
• Infrastructure is outdated, 4x more inefficient than average
• Domestic demands are met by oil
  
  • results in exposure to price fluctuations

Question 17

How could Ukraine attempt to solve its problems?

Answer 17

• Increase utilisation of nuclear power to 50%
• privatisation to allow build up of modern energy infrastructure
• diversified gas imports (not all from Russia)
• educate people on energy saving measures
• exploit physical geography for renewable generation
  
  • large plains are ideal for wind energy