2.1 Classification of organisms p2.3-8 Flashcards
Organisms are classified into groups called …
according to ….
taxa (taxon=singular) …
similarities and shared characteristics
The formal scientific classification of organisms into taxa is known as
taxonomy
Name the Swedish botanist who, in 1758, classified living organisms into Plantae and Animalia kingdoms
Carl Linnaeus
What are the two kingdoms of the two-kingdom system
- Animalia
2. Plantae
Who came up with the five-kingdom model?
When?
Robert Whitaker
1969
Name the 5 Kingdoms of the five-kingdom model
- M onera (bacteria)
- P rotista
- F ungi
- P lantae
- A nimalia
5-Kingdom mneumonic
MONEy PROvides FUN PLANned Activities
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Name the 7 taxa/categories that the 5-kingdoms are divided into (from greatest diversity to greatest similarities)
Kingdom Phylum (animals) or Division (plants) Class Order Family Genus Species
An example of a mneumonic to remember the seven taxa is….
Kings (kingdom) Divide (division=plants / phylum=animals) Classes (class) and Order (order) Families (family) to Give (genus) Silver (species)
What criteria are used to classify organisms into their respective kingdoms (6)
- Body structure
- Cell structure
- Cell wall composition
- Motility
- Mode of nutrition
- Method of reproduction
“body structure” criteria used to classify an organism into a kingdom (3)
unicellular
multicellular
collonies
“Cell structure” criteria used to classify an organism into a kingdom (3)
presence of a nucleus
absence of a nucleus
organelles (chloroplasts)
“Cell wall” criteria used to classify an organism into a kingdom (3)
cellulose
chitin
no cell wall
Which two traits are assessed when deciding the mobility of an organism.
Whether it is mobile or immobile.
“Mode of nutrition” criteria used to classify an organism into a kingdom (2)
autotrophic
heterotrophic
Mode of reproduction criteria (3)
binary fission
asexual
sexual
Define a prokaryote and give an example
A prokaryote is an organism with cells that do NOT have a true nuclei e.g. bacteria
An organism with cells that have a true nuclei
Eukaryote (eu=true)
Which kingdom contains prokaryotes?
Monera / bacteria
Where is a eukaryote’s DNA found? (2 marks)
Inside the nucleus, enclosed by a nuclear membrane
True or False: Prokaryotes contain a true nucleus.
False
Prokaryotes have no separate nucleus and internal structures (those are eukaryotes)
Some bacteria are autotrophic (make their own food - type of photosynthasis). Others are heterotrophic in which case * parasitic * saprophytic * mutualistic What do these mean
Parasitic - dependent on other living organic matter for food.
Saprophytic - dependent on on dead organic matter for food.
Mutualistic - Living with other organisms so that both benefit from the relationship
What are the main characteristics of the Monera Kingdom (e.g. Bacteria)
Unicellular and simple
No true nuclei (prokaryotic)
Cell is surrounded by cell wall
Reproduction occurs by binary fission (cell division into two with identical DNA composition
What are the main characteristics of the Protista Kingdom
- Protozoa
- Algae
- Slime moulds and water moulds
Protizoa - animal-like unicellular, heterotrophic
Algae - plant-like, autotrophic (photosynthesise)
Slime/water moulds - fungus-like organisms
—all—
* Unicellular OR multicellular
* Eukaryotic (all have true nuclei)
* Move by flagella, cillia and cyclosis
* Algae are autotrophic but the rest are all heterotrophic (eat things…)
* Reproduce asexually by binary fission (some algae do reproduce sexually)
What are the main characteristics of the Fungi kingdom
- Yeast
- Mushrooms
- Moulds
- Unicellular (yeasts) or multi-cellular (mushrooms)
- Have true nuclei (eukaryotic)
- Have cell walls of cellulose and chitin
- Heterotrophic (eat stuff…) mostly saprophytes (dead stuff) but some are parasites (e.g. athlete’s foot) and some are mutualistic (symbiotic)
- Reproduction by binary fission (asexually), or spores (asexually) and by gametes (sexually) during unfavourable conditions.
What are the for major divisions within the Plantae Kingdom
Bryophytes - mosses liveworts and hornworts
Pteridophytes - ferns
Gymnosperms - conifers, cycads, gnetales and ginkgo!
Angiosperms - flowering plants
What are the main characteristics of the Plantae Kingdom
- Multi-cellular
- Have true nuclei (eukaryotic)
- Have cell walls of cellulose
- Mostly autotrophic (photosynthesis)
- Reproduction by spores (asexually) and by gametes (sexually)
What are the characteristics of the Animalia Kingdom (9 major phyla)
- Multi-cellular
- Have true nuclei (eukaryotic)
- Have no cell walls
- Heterotrophic (eat stuff…)
- Reproduction sometimes asexually
mostly sexually by male and female gametes
Porifera phyla consist of
sponges
Jelly fish, blue bottles, corals and sea anemones are
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes are
flatworms e.g. tapeworm
Round worms are
Nematoda
earthworms, sea worms, leeches are
Annelida
Mollusca are
snails, oysters, mussles, octopi
starfish, sea urchins are
Echinodermata
insects, spiders, crustaceans, myriapoda are
Arthropoda
Chordata are
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Carl Linnaeus’ binomial system consists of a … name and a ….. name
Genus (always starts with a Capital letter)
species (always a small letter) e.g. Felix domesticus
When writing a scientific name by hand it must be ……
underlined
When typing a scientific name it must be in ……
italics
If there many species of the genus Felix, but the species name is unknown, how will you write it?
Felix-spp
If the name Aloe ferrox needs to be written down many times in the same paragraph, how would you write it the second time?
A. ferrox
What instrument is used to classify living organisms?
A biological key
What does a biological key consist of?
a series of options that lead the user to the correct name of the organism
Name an example of a biological key
a dichotomous key
A di/choto/mous key always gives many choices at each step. True or False?
False, it gives 2
