2.1 classification and biodiversity

Question 1

classification

Answer 1

division of living organisms into groups based on their evolutionary relationships. classification is phylogenetic, meaning that organisms in the same group are more closely related.

Question 2

taxonomic groups

Answer 2

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 3

what are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 3

Prokaryotae, protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia

Question 4

what is meant by a bionormal name?

Answer 4

All species have a binomial name, a name in two parts. The first name is capitalised and gives the genus of the organism - this is the generic name. The second is all lower case and is the species name

Question 5

why do we use bionormal names?

Answer 5

to avoid confusion with local names and language differences

Question 6

what are the 3 domains?

Answer 6

Archaea, eubacteria, Eukarya

Question 7

Archaea

Answer 7

these are prokaryotic but are extremophiles

Question 8

Eubacteria

Answer 8

these are the ‘true’ bacteria

Question 9

Eukarya

Answer 9

these are all the eukaryotic organisms

Question 10

Extremophiles

Answer 10

live where environmental conditions are harsh, e.g. in very high or low temperatures

Question 11

halophiles

Answer 11

areas with high salinity or high pressure

Question 12

Prokaryotae

Answer 12

• have cells without a membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
  -have 70S ribosomes and a cell wall of peptidoglycan (murein).
  -they are unicellular.
  -some are heterotrophic while others are autotrophic.

Question 13

Protoctista

Answer 13

-unicellular eukaryotic organisms. The cells may gather to form a functioning unit like a seaweed but there is no tissue differentiation.
-may be heterotrophic, autotrophic or both.

Question 14

Fungi

Answer 14

-heterotrophic eukaryotes with a cell wall made of chitin; most are composed of thin threads called hyphae, reproduce by spores

Question 15

Plantae

Answer 15

• multicellular eukaryotic organisms.
  -they have cell walls made of cellulose.
  -are autotrophs, using sunlight as a source of energy to make organic molecules by photosynthesis.

Question 16

Animalia

Answer 16

-multicellular eukaryotic organisms.
-their cells do not have cell walls.
-they are all heterotrophic and have holozoic nutrition, digesting food internally.
-have nervous co-ordination.

Question 17

what is meant by the term species?

Answer 17

A species is a group of organisms with similar characteristics that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

Question 18

homologous structure

Answer 18

same structure but different function. provides evidence of divergent evolution where common ancestral structure has evolved and performs different functions. also indicated relatedness

Question 19

analogous structure

Answer 19

arises through convergent evolution, function is the same but origin of structure is different. evolved to have similar features because they live in similar environments. they cannot be used to classify organisms