2.1. Cerebrum (Diencephalon) Flashcards
1
Q
Part of the CNS that lies within the cranial vault
A
Brain/encephalon
2
Q
The hemispheric surface is convoluted and has ___ (2)
A
GYRI & SULCI
3
Q
Brain consists of? (3)
A
cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum
4
Q
Brain weighs ___ in newborn?
A
350 g
5
Q
Brain weighs ___ in adults?
A
1400 g
6
Q
Six postembryonic divisions of the brain
A
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
7
Q
largest part of brain
A
cerebrum
8
Q
cerebrum is situated in what part of the skull
A
anterior & middle cranial fossa
occupies the whole concavity of the skull vault
9
Q
Cerebrum is divided into 2 parts
A
Diencephalon (forms the central core)
Telencephalon (forms the cerebral hemispheres)
10
Q
Diencephalon extends posteriorly until?
A
point where third ventricle
becomes continuous with the cerebral aqueduct
11
Q
Diencephalon extends anteriorly until?
A
until the interventricular foramen
12
Q
midline structure with symmetrical right and left halves
A
diencephalon
13
Q
Only area in the diencephalon exposed to the surface in the intact brain
A
Inferior Surface
14
Q
Arrange Anterior to Posterior: Tuber cinereum, Mammillary bodies, optic chiasma, optic tract, infundibulum
A
- Optic chiasma
- Optic Tract
- Infundibulum
- Tuber Cinereum
- Mammillary bodies
15
Q
The superior surface of the diencephalon is concealed by the _______
A
Fornix
16
Q
a thick bundle of fibers that originates In the hippocampus of the temporal lobe and arches posteriorly over the thalamus to join the mammillary body
A
Fornix
17
Q
Other name of fornix
A
hippocampal commissure
18
Q
The actual superior wall of the diencephalon is formed by the ____?
A
Roof of the third ventricle
19
Q
The superior wall of the diencephalon consists of a layer of ____________
A
EPENDYMA
continuous with the rest of ependymal lining
20
Q
The diencephalon is covered superiorly by
A
tela choroidea of the third ventricle
21
Q
From the roof of the third ventricle, a pair of vascular processes, the _____, project downward from the midline into the cavity of the third ventricle.
A
choroid plexuses of tile third ventricle
22
Q
The lateral surface of the diencephalon is bounded by the ________
A
internal capsule
consists of nerve fibers that connect the cerebral cortex with other parts of brainstem & spinal cord
23
Q
The diencephalon is divided into symmetrical halved by?
A
third ventricle
24
Q
Superior part of the medial surface of the diencephalon
A
thalamus
25
Inferior part of the medial surface of the diencephalon
hypothalamus
26
The thalamus and hypothalamus is separated by?
hypothalamic sulcus
27
afferent fibers to the habenular nucleus that forms a ridge along the superior margin of the medial surface of the diencephalon and is called the
Stria medullaris thalami
28
Four major parts of the diencephalon
1. Thalamus
2. Subthalamus
3. Epithalamus
4. Hypothalamus
29
large ovoid mass of gray matter that forms the major part of the diencephalon
thalamus
30
Function of Thalamus
Cell station to all the main sensory systems except olfactory pathway
31
All the main sensory systems go to the thalamus except?
olfactory pathway
32
T OR F: The activities of the thalamus are closely related to that of the cerebellar cortex and damage to the thalamus causes great loss of cerebellar function.
FALSE
closely related to CEREBRUM CORTEX & causes great loss of CEREBRAL function
33
The thalamus ls situated on each side of the ____
third ventricle
34
The anterior end of the thalamus is narrow and rounded and forms the posterior boundary of the __________
interventricular foramen
35
The posterior end of the thalamus is expanded to form the _________
pulvinar
36
overhangs the superior colliculus and the superior brachium
pulvinar
37
small elevation on the under aspect of the lateral portion of the pulvinar
lateral geniculate body
38
The superior surface of the thalamus is covered medially by?
Tela Choroidea and fornix
39
The superior surface of the thalamus is covered laterally by?
ependyma → forms part of the floor of the lateral ventricle
40
The lateral part of the thalamus is partially hidden by the ____
choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle
41
the inferior surface of the thalamus is continuous with the ___
tegmentum of midbrain
42
The medial surface of the thalamus forms the ________ of the lateral wall of the third ventricle
Superior part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle
43
The medial surface of the thalamus is connected to the opposite side by a band of gray matter called ___________
interthalamic connection / adhesion or Massa Intermedia
44
The internal capsule separates the lateral surface of the thalamus from the ___________
lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus and putamen)
45
situated between the thalamus and the tegmentum of the midbrain
subthalamus
46
T OR F: Subthalamus, craniomedially, is related to the thalamus
FALSE
related to HYPOTHALAMUS
47
Nerve cells found in the Subthalamus (2)
Cranial ends of the red nuclei,
substantia nigra
48
What controls muscle activity & has important connections with the corpus striatum
Subthalamic nucleus
49
Epithalamus consists of ____ and their _____ and the ____ gland
Habenular nuclei & connections
pineal gland
50
small group of neurons situated just medial to the posterior surface of the thalamus
Habenular Nucleus
51
Afferent fibers are received from the amygdaloid nucleus in the temporal lobe through the ____
stria medullaris thalami
52
Habecular nucleus is the center for integration of ____ (3) afferent pathways
olfactory, visceral, and somatic afferent pathways
53
Pathway of fibers to and from the Habenular Nucleus
1. Amygdaloid nucleus → Stria medullaris thalami → HN
2. Through Hippocampal formation through fornix → HN
HN → Interpeduncular nucleus → tectum → thalamus → reticular formation
54
What fibers form the Habenular Commissure
Fibers from the stria medullaris thalami that cross midline & reach opposite habenular nucleus
55
small, conical structure that is attached by the pineal stalk to the diencephalon
pineal gland/body
56
The base of the pineal stalk possesses a recess that is continuous with the cavity of _____
third ventricle
57
The superior part of the base of the Pineal stalk contains the
Habenular Commissure
58
The inferior part of the base of the pineal stalk contains the
posterior commissure
59
2 types of cells found in the Pineal Gland
1. Pinealocytes
2. Glial Cells
60
concretions of calcified materials that progressively accumulate within the pineal gland with age
brain sand
61
T OR F: Pineal gland possesses no nerve cells, but adrenergic sympathetic fibers derived from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia enter the gland and run In association with the blood vessels and the pinealocytes.
TRUE
62
Pineal gland influences what other structures? (6)
Pituitary gland,
Islets of Langerhans of the Pancreas,
Parathyroids,
Adrenal Cortex,
Gonads,
Adrenal medulla
63
T OR F: Pineal gland is mainly facilitatory
FALSE
mainly INHIBITORY
directly: inhibit hormone production
indirectly: inhibit secretion of releasing factors of hypothalamus
64
T OR F: Pineal gland exhibits a circadian rhythm that is influenced by light. The gland has been found to be most active during darkness.
TRUE
65
Hormone released by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycle
Melatonin
66
T OR F: Pineal gland plays a role in the regulation of reproductive function
TRUE
67
part of the diencephalon that extends from the region of the optic chiasma to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies
hypothalamus
68
Hypothalamus lies below the _____ sulcus on the ____ wall of the ____ ventricle
below the HYPOTHALAMIC SULCUS
on the LATERAL wall of the THIRD ventricle
69
The hypothalamus is close to the system? tracts? other important structures?
lymbic system, ascending and descending tracts, hypophysis (pituitary gland), and the thalamus
70
T OR F: Hypothalamus is composed of large nerve cells that are arranged in groups or nuclei
FALSE
composed of SMALL nerve cells only
71
T OR F: Physiologically, nearly all the activities in the body are influenced by the hypothalamus
TRUE
controls and integrates the
functions of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS system and the ENDOCRINE systems
72
Plays a vital role in the body's homeostasis
Hypothalamus
regulation of body temperature, body fluids, drives to eat and drink, sexual behavior, and emotion
73
How many commissures are there in the brain?
9
74
Area that extends forward from the optic chiasma to the lamina terminalis and the anterior commissure
pre-optic area
75
Caudally, the hypothalamus merges into the _________ of the midbrain
tegmentum
76
Thalamus lies ____ to hypothalamus
superior
77
Subthalamic region lies ___ to the hypothalamus
inferolaterally
78
flattened bundle of nerve fibers situated at the junction of the anterior wall and floor of the third ventricle
optic chiasma
79
The superior surface of the Optic Chiasma is attached to the?
Lamina Terminalis
80
Inferiorly, the optic chiasma is related to the?
hypophysis cerebri (separates it by the diaphragma sellae)
81
The anterolateral corners of the optic chiasma are continuous with the optic nerves or optic tracts?
optic nerves
82
The posterolateral corners of the optic chiasma are continuous with the optic nerves or optic tracts?
optic tracts
83
It is important to remember that the fibers originating from the nasal half of each retina cross the median plane at the _______ to enter the optic ____ of the opposite side.
cross at the CHIASMA to enter the optic TRACT of the opposite side
84
convex mass of gray matter, as seen from the inferior surface; It is continuous inferiorly with the infundibulum
tuber cinereum
85
Infundibulum is hollow and becomes continuous with the posterior lobe of the _________
hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland)
86
Raised part of the tuber cinereum to which is attached the infundibulum
Median Eminence
87
What forms the neurohypophysis (3)
1. Median Eminence of Tuber cinereum
2. Infundibulum
3. Posterior Lobe/Pars Nervosa of the Pituitary Gland
88
two small hemispherical bodies situated side by side posterior to the tuber cinereum
Mammillary Bodies
89
Posterior to the mammillary bodies lies an area of the brain that is pierced by a number of small apertures called?
Posterior perforated substance
90
Posterior perforated substance transmit ____ branches of the ____ Arteries
CENTRAL branches of POSTERIOR CEREBRAL arteries
91
slitlike cleft between the two thalami
third ventricle
92
Third ventricle is derived from ___
forebrain vesicle
93
The Third Ventricle Communicates anteriorly with the ________
Lateral ventricles
94
The Third Ventricle Communicates anteriorly with the lateral ventricles through?
Interventricular foramen (foramina of Monro)
95
The third ventricle communicates posteriorly with?
fourth ventricle
96
The third ventricle communicates posteriorly with fourth ventricle through?
Cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
97
T OR F: The third ventricle has
anterior, posterior, lateral, superior, and inferior walls and is lined with ependyma.
TRUE
98
Anterior wall of third ventricle
Lamina terminalis
a thin sheet of gray matter which runs the anterior commissure
99
Round bundle of nerve fibers that are situated anterior to the anterior columns of the fornix
Anterior Commissure
100
Connect the right and left temporal lobes
Anterior Commissure
101
Posterior wall of the third ventricle
cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
102
Structure superior to the opening of the cerebral aqueduct
Posterior Commissure
103
Structure superior to the posterior commissure
Pineal Recess
104
Pineal recess projects into the stalk of the?
stalk of the PINEAL BODY
105
Structure superior to the Pineal Recess
Habenular Commissure
106
Lateral wall of the third ventricle
Superior: Thalamus
Inferior:Hypothalamus
107
Lateral wall of the third ventricle is limited superiorly by the?
Stria Medullaris Thalami
108
Superior wall/Roof of the third ventricle
Layer of ependyma
109
Superior to the layer of ependyma
covered by the tela choroidea of the third ventricle
110
roof of the third ventricle is related to? (2)
fornix & corpus callosum
110
Within the tela choroidea, lie the _____________
internal cerebral veins
111
Inferior wall of the third ventricle
optic chiasma, tuber cinereum, infundibulum, mammillary bodies
112
Hypophysis is attached to the ____
infundibulum
