2.1 Cell Structure/Function Flashcards
Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of life
All cells come from preexisting cells
Endosymbiotic Theory
Smaller prokaryotic cells were engulfed by larger ones
- overtime the small engulfed organisms became the internal organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts
Symbiosis
2 different species live closely together and interact in a way that affects both of them
Endosymbiosis
One Organism lives with another
- Explains the evolution of eukaryotic organisms in the endosymbiotic theory
Proof of the endosymbiotic theory
- The DNA inside mitochondria in eukaryotic cells is very similar to the DNA found in certain bacteria.
- Chloroplasts (plant cell that does photosynthesis) look and act like bacteria (they were the ones bacteria that got swallowed)
- Symbiotic relationships occur between bacteria and eukaryotes (bacteria in us to digest food)
Types of Cells
- Prokaryotes - Bacteria & Archea
- Eukaryotes - Plants, Fungi, Protists, Animals
Prokaryotic Cells
Single-celled
No nucleus = DNA floats around
ribosomes, a cytoplasm, a cell wall/membrane, and a cytoskeleton
Move using Cilia/Flagella
No membrane bound organells
Eukaryotic Cells
Membranes divide the cells into compartments = organelles
Double layer of phospholipid membrane
Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes: No nucleus
- DNA in nucleoid
- Cytosol/Cytoplasm
No organelles other than Ribosome
Primitive (small)
Eukaryotes: Nucleus/ envelope
- Cytosol/Cytoplasm
- Membrane-bound organelles with specialized
- Much larger in size
- More complex
Cilia
Tiny hairs that help move liquid around cell (P)
Flagells
Tails for mobility (P)
Homeostasis
maintenance of stable internal conditions
Cell Membrane
In both P and E
Made of Phospholipids, Protein channels, and carbohydrates
Cytoplasm
in Both
Fluid in cell
Cytoskeleton
In Both
Keeps shape and flexibility of cell
Nucleus
Only In E
Contains the genetic material (DNA)
Nucleolus
Only in E
Inside the nucleus/makes ribosomes
Nuclear Pores
Controls what goes in and out of the nucleus (RNA leaves through pores)
Nuclear Lamina
Lines the Nuclear envelope/ maines nucleus shape
Ribosomes
In Both
Produce proteins
Location of Ribosomes
Float around Cytosol
Outside of the ER or near a nuclear envelope
Smooth ER
Only in E
makes Lipids
folded membranes
It does not contain ribosomes
Stores calcium ions
Detoxifies drugs
Rough ER
Only in E
- Folded membranes
Transports proteins to Golgi apparatus
- Contains Ribosomes, some are which have sugars attached to them to help them get recognized by other cells (Glycoproteins)
Packs proteins into vesicles and sends them
- repairs cell membrane
Golgi apparatus
Only in E
Sorts proteins made by ribosomes/ rough ER and ships them to the rest of the cell
- Manufactures macromolecules
Mitochondria
Only in E
Energy conversion to generate ATP
- plants and animals
Chloroplast
Only in E and Plants
Energy conversion from light to glucose
Chlorophyll
Inside chloroplasts in plant cells/reflect green light
Cell Wall
Made of Cellulose
Gives plants cells rigid structures / support
Structure of Mitochondria
Smooth outer layer and folded inner membrane folded into cristae
Cristae
ATP synthesis and Electron Transport Chain
Allow for more surface area = more ATP
Inner Membrane compartments
Intermembrane space and
Mitochondrial matrix
- Kerb Cycle
Chloroplast Structure
Thylakoids stacked = Granum
Chlorophyll = green pigment on Thylakoids absorbs all light except gree = reflects
Thylakoids
Light reactions = use sunlight to make energy
Stroma
Fluid around the Thylakoids
Calvin Cycle
Happens in Stroma
Uses the light energy made from Thylakoids to build sugars
Lysosome
Only in E
Contain Enzymes = digest organelles, bacteria, macromolecules (food)
Work best in acidic environments
Made from the rough ER and packaged by Golgi
Phagocytosis
Cells engulf another cell and forms a food vacuole
Vacuole
The place for plant cells to store materials for later needs
Lysosomes and Vacuole
Lysosomes bind to that vacuole and break down the molecules
Autophagy
Lysosome breaks down old organelles and reuses them for sm else
Apoptosis
Cell kills itself bc it got too damaged or no longer needed = Lysosomes help
- controlled
Vacuole Types
Food Vacuoles = phagocytosis
Contractile Vacuole = in Freshwater protists; pump excess water out of cell
Central Vacooles = in plants; holds organic water and compounds
