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alevel biology OCR > 2.1 cell structure > Flashcards

2.1 cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 4 types of microscopes.

A

Optical microscope
Transmission electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Laser scanning confocal microscope

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2
Q

What is an optical microscope?

A

It produces a 2D image and visible light passes through the specimen.

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3
Q

What is a transmission electron microscope?

A

Electrons pass through a specimen to a detector. Produces a 2D image

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4
Q

What is a scanning electron microscope?

A

Specimen is coated in metal, electrons scan across surface and electrons bounce off to detectors. Produces a 3D image.

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5
Q

What is a laser scanning confocal microscope?

A

Laser scans across specimen but scans at different depths to view different layers. Produces a 3D image of interior.

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6
Q

Pros of optical microscopes.

A

Can view living organisms.

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7
Q

Cons of optical microscopes.

A

Lower resolution and magnification than electron microscope.

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8
Q

Pros of electron microscopes.

A

Higher resolution and magnification

Scanning electron microscope produces 3D images.

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9
Q

Cons of electron microscopes.

A

Thin specimen required
Can only view dead specimens
Complicated processing which can result in artefacts.

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10
Q

Pros of laser scanning confocal microscopes.

A

Can view living organisms
3D images
Higher resolution than optical microscope

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11
Q

Cons of laser scanning confocal microscopes.

A

Lower resolution than electron microscopes.

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12
Q

What does resolution mean?

A

Smallest distance apart where 2 objects are seen as separate.

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13
Q

How can you increase contrast?

A

By adding a stain. (differential stain)

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14
Q

What is the magnification equation?

A

Image size = actual size x magnification

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15
Q

What is a graticule?

A

A ruler which is fitted into the eyepiece of a microscope.

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16
Q

Why do we use graticules?

A

Used to measure specimens.

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17
Q

What is a stage micrometer?

A

Microscopic ruler on a microscope slide.

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18
Q

What does the nucleoplasm do?

A

Chemical reactions take place.

19
Q

What does the nuclear membrane do?

A

Breaks up the DNA from cytoplasm.

20
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

It is a dense region of RNA

21
Q

What do nuclear pores do?

A

Allow transport between nucleus and cytoplasm.

22
Q

What does the matrix in mitochondria do?

A

A liquid where chemical reactions take place.

23
Q

What do 70S proteins do?

A

Site of protein synthesis.

24
Q

What does circular DNA do?

A

Contains genetic info.

25
Q

What does the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane do?

A

Create a partially permeable membrane.

26
Q

What do ribosomes do in the RER?

A

Copy of a gene passes through them and it reads the code to make the protein.

27
Q

Why do RER have a large surface area?

A

For protein synthesis.

28
Q

Why happens in the golgi apparatus?

A

Protein from the RER passes through layers of the golgi and the protein pinches off and is enclosed in a vesicle.

29
Q

What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Produces lipids and carbohydrates?

30
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

An organelle which transports substances around, into or out of cells.

31
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Vesicle containing digestive enzymes.

32
Q

Name the 7 features of chloroplasts.

A 
Inner membrane 
Outer membrane 
Stroma
Granum
Thylakoids
Integranal lamellae 
Inter membrane compartment
33
Q

Chloroplasts are the site of what?

A

Photosynthesis

34
Q

Role of the vacuole?

A

Support the plant

It’s surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast.

35
Q

Function and features of ribosomes.

A

Made of ribosomal RNA
Made in nucleolus
Protein synthesis.

36
Q

Role of centrioles?

A

Contain microtubules which are made of tubulin protein.

Before the cell divides the spindle, made of threads of tubulin, forms the centrioles.

Centrioles form cillia & undulipodia.

37
Q

Role of cilia and undulipodia?

A

Contain microtubules
Formed by centrioles
Cilia: move materials along surface of cell
Undulipodia: moves cell itself

38
Q

Role of cytoskeleton?

A

Protein microfilaments give support and mechanical strength.

39
Q

Role of cellulose cell wall

A

Strength, support, shape

40
Q

Role of flagellum?

A

Allow bacteria to move.

41
Q

Role of pili?

A

Small, hair like structures that allow bacteria to adhere to each other or to host cells.

42
Q

What is the nucleoid?

A

Circular DNA

43
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A DNA loop.

44
Q

Name the 8 structures oh prokaryotes?

A 
Capsule
Ribosome
Flagellum 
Pili
Plasma membrane
Nucleoid
Plasmid
Peptidoglycan cell wall

alevel biology OCR (4 decks)

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