2.1 cell structure

Question 1

14 organelles

Answer 1

plasma membrane
cilia
centriole
chloroplast
cell wall
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
flagellum
golgi apparatus 
mitochondria 
lysosome 
ribosome 
vesicles
nucleus

Question 2

plasma membrane

Answer 2

surface of animal cell , inside cell wall in plant cells.
made of lipids and proteins
-regulate movement, in and out of the cell
- receptors molecules

Question 3

cell wall

Answer 3

rigid structure, surrounds plant cells
mainly made of cellulose
- supports plant cells

Question 4

lysosome

Answer 4

round organelle with membrane

-contains digestive enzymes, digest invading cells or breaks down components of the cell.

Question 5

riobosome

Answer 5

attached to rer or floats free
made up of proteins and RNA
no membrane
- where proteins are made

Question 6

nucleus

Answer 6

nuclear envelope (double membrane)
pores
nucleolus
contains chromatin ( made from DNA and proteins)
- controls cell activities
-pores allow substances (RNA) 
- nucleolus makes riobosomes 
- DNA contains instructions to make proteins

Question 7

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 7

system of membranes enclosing fluid-filled space
surface covered with ribosomes
-folds and porcesses proteins

Question 8

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 8

system of membranes enclosing fluid-filled spaces
no ribosomes
-synthesises and processes lipids

Question 9

golgi appratus

Answer 9

fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs

• process and packages proteins and lipids
• makes lysosomes

Question 10

vesicles

Answer 10

fluid-filled sacs with a membrane
made in golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum, cell surface
-transport substances

Question 11

miochondrion

Answer 11

double membrane
inner membrane folded in cristae
inside contains matrix
-site of aerobic respiration, produces ATP
- requires energy

Question 12

centriole

Answer 12

hollow cylinders made of microtubules
animal cells and some plant cells
-involved in separation of chromosomes during cell division

Question 13

chloroplast

Answer 13

flattened structure in plant cells
Double membrane
inside contains thylakoid membrane stacked up into structures called grana linked together by bits of thylakoids, lamellae
- site of photosynthesis

Question 14

cilia

Answer 14

hair-like structures
found in surface membrane of some animal cells
9 pairs of microtubules and 2 at the middle, 9+2 formation
-microtubules allow cilia to move and to move substances along cell surface

Question 15

flagellum

Answer 15

stick out of cell
plasma membrane
9 pairs of microtubules and 2 in the middle, 9+2 formation
- microtubules contract, flagellum moves (sperm cell)

Question 16

organelles working together proteins production

Answer 16

made at ribosome

• if free stay in cytoplasm
• in RER excreted o attached to cell membranes
• RER folded and processed, vesicle
• golgi apparatus further processed vesicle
  eg. glycoproteins –>cell surface and excreted

Question 17

organelles working together cytoskeletron

Answer 17

in cytoplasm

• network of proteins threads
• in eukaryotic arranged in microtubules and microfilaments
  1. support organelles in position
  2. strengthen cell, mantain shape
  3. movement of material (contraction of microtubules separates chromosomes)
  4. cause movement of cilia and flagella

Question 18

prokaryotic cell differences

Answer 18

1. smaller 2 compared to 10-100
2. circular DNA not linear
3. wall made of polysaccharide but not chitin (fungi) cellulose (plants), animal no cell wall
4. no nucleus
5. few organelles, no membrane-bound
6. flagella made of protein flagellin arranged in a helix, in eukaryotic made of microtubule proteins and arranged in 9+2 formation
7. small ribosomes