Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology-Module 2 > 2.1 Cell Structure > Flashcards

2.1 Cell Structure Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the 10 parts of a eukaryotic cell.

A 
Ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear envelope
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
Cell membrane
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus 
Nucleolus 
Mitochondrion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Eukaryotic organisms

A

Eukaryotic organisms are multi-cellular organisms made up of eukaryotic cells. E.g animal and plant cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define prokaryotic organisms

A

Prokaryotic organisms are prokaryotic cells (i.e. they are single celled organisms). E.g. bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define “A eukaryote”.

A

A eukaryote is any organism consisting of one or more cells that contain DNA in a membrane-bound nucleus, separate from the cytoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name four types of eukaryotes.

A

Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protocists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the three structural components of the cytoskeleton.

A

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the 7 functions of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. ) Whole cell, support, stability, scaffolding.
  2. ) Maintains the shape of the cell.
  3. ) Allows movement of cilia/flagella.
  4. ) Changing shape of cell / cytokinesis / pseudopodia / phagocytosis / endocytosis / exocytosis / muscle contraction.
  5. ) Organelles can be moved or held in place.
  6. ) Controls movement of chromosomes/ chromatids /(m)RNA .
  7. ) Controls movement of vesicles along microtubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the structure and function of microfilaments.

A

Fibres made from the protein actin. They are responsible for movement of the cell and cytoplasm during Cytokinesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the structure and function of microtubules.

A

Formed by the globular protein tubulin. They polymerise to form tubes that determine the shape of the cell. They also act as tracks for organelles moving around the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the structure and function of intermediate fibres.

A

It gives strength to cells and helps maintain integrity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the 4 structures of the nucleus.

A

Double Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
Nucleolus
Chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the functions of the nucleus.

A

1) Controls all the activity of the cell.
2) Where the (DNA) of the cell is stored, replicated, and copied into RNA (transcribed).
3) The Nucleus is attached to the Rough ER so the mRNA can easily get to ribosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Stacks of membrane bound (fluid filled) sacs which form sheets called cisternae.

Attached to the nucleus and covered with ribosomes.

Consists of an interconnected system of flattened sacs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Site of protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

It is similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum but is not attached to ribosomes- it is a system of interconnected tubules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

It is responsible for carbohydrate & lipid synthesis, and storage.

17
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A
  • A 2 subunit organelle.
  • Made from RNA and protein.
  • Not membrane bound.
  • Very small organelles: about 22nm in diameter.
  • Found free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER.
18
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A
  • It is where proteins are made.

- The ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins in chains using mRNA.

19
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A
  • Oval shaped.
  • Surrounded by two membranes (double membrane).
  • The inner membrane forms finger-like structure called cristae which increases the surface area.
  • The solution inside is called a matrix which contains enzymes for respiration.
  • Mitochondrial DNA – Small amounts of DNA, enable mitochondrion to reproduce and create enzymes.
20
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration.

- As a result of respiration, they release ATP (energy carrier in cells).

21
Q

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • It has stacks of flattened, membrane bound sacs (cisternae).
  • These are continuously formed from the ER at one end and budding off as Golgi vesicles at the other.
22
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • It allows internal transport.
  • It receives proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
  • It modifies and processes molecules (such as new lipids and proteins) and packages them into vesicles.
  • The molecules into packages may be secretory vesicles (if the proteins need to leave the cell) or lysosomes (which stay in the cell).
  • Make lysosomes.
  • Lipid synthesis.
23
Q

Describe the structure of lysosomes.

A

They are spherical sacs surrounded by a single membrane.

24
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes.

A

They contain powerful hydrolytic digestive enzymes known as lysozymes.

Their role is to break down worn out components of the cell or digest invading cells.

25
Q

Describe the structure of centrioles.

A
  • A component of the cytoskeleton, composed of many microtubules.
  • Small hollow cylinders that occur in pairs next to the nucleus in animal cells only.
  • Each centriole contains a ring of 9 triplet microtubules.
26
Q

Describe the function of centrioles.

A

It makes a copy of itself during cell division and then helps to form the spindle in cell division.

27
Q

Describe the structure of the cilia.

A
  • ‘Hair like’ extensions that protrude from some animal cell types.
  • In cross section they have an outer membrane and a ring of nine pairs of protein microtubules inside with two microtubules in the middle.
  • Known as a 9 +2 arrangement.
  • Arrangement allows movement.
28
Q

Describe the function of the cilia.

A
  • Sensory function (e.g. nose), beat creating a current to move fluid/mucous/objects
  • For locomotion (movement of one place to another).
29
Q

Describe the structure of the flagella.

A
  • Similar to cilia but longer.
  • They protrude from the cell surface and are surrounded by the plasma membrane.
  • Like cilia they have a 9 +2 arrangement.
30
Q

Describe the function of the flagella.

A
  • (Whip-like) enables the mobility of a cell.
  • The microtubules contract to make the flagellum move.
  • Propel cells forward e.g. sperm cells.
31
Q

Describe the structure of the cell surface membrane (or plasma membrane).

A
  • The membrane found on the surface of animal cells and inside the cell wall of plant and prokaryotic cells.
  • A phospholipid bilayer.
  • Composed of proteins and lipids.
32
Q

Describe the function of the cell surface membrane (or plasma membrane).

A
  • Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
  • Contains receptor molecules that allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones.
33
Q

Describe the structure of the chloroplasts.

A
  • Double membrane which encloses the stroma.
  • Stroma contains: Starch grains, lipid stores, DNA, RNA, ribosomes.
  • Series of membrane-bound flattened sacs called thylakoids in the stroma. Thylakoids stacked together are called grana.
  • Grana are linked together by lamellae.
  • The grana contain chlorophyll.
34
Q

Describe the function of the chloroplasts.

A

Photosynthetic reactions.

35
Q

Describe the structure of the cellulose cell wall.

A

Made of B-cellulose microfibrils– complex carbohydrate
Cell wall is fully permeable to substances
Thin layer called the middle lamella which marks the boundary between adjacent cell walls and ‘cements’ adjacent cells together.

36
Q

Describe the function of the cellulose cell wall.

A
  • Gives the plant mechanical strength.
  • Gives the plant cell support and it’s shape.
  • Contents of a plant cell can ‘push’ against the cell wall (turgid cell). This gives the cell (and the whole plant) good support.
37
Q

Describe the structure of the large permanent vacuole.

A
  • Single membrane bound (membrane is called a tonoplast).
  • Contains a fluid called cell sap (solution of mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, wastes etc).
  • Selectively permeable barrier.
38
Q

Describe the function of the large permanent vacuole.

A
  • Stores cell cap.
  • Support herbaceous plants by making cells turgid.
  • Helps maintain shape and gives support by maintaining turgor pressure.
  • Sugars and amino acids act as a temporary food store.

Biology-Module 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions