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POM 1a: Molecular Biology Of The Cell (2) > 2.1: Cell Metabolism 1 > Flashcards

2.1: Cell Metabolism 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 types of reactions that define metabolism?

A
  1. Oxidation- Reduction
  2. Ligation requiring ATP cleavage
  3. Isomerisation
  4. Group Transfer
  5. Hydrolytic
  6. Addition/ Removal of Functional Groups
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2
Q

What is Oxidation-Reduction?

A

Electron transfer

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3
Q

What is ‘Ligation requiring ATP cleavage’ ?

A

Formation of covalent bonds

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4
Q

What is isomerisation?

A

Rearrangement of atoms to form isomers

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5
Q

What is group transfer?

A

Transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another

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6
Q

What is a hydrolytic reaction?

A

Breaking of bonds by the addition of water

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7
Q

What is the addition/removal of functional groups?

A

Addition of functional groups to double bonds/ removal to form double bonds

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8
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A
  • Anaeorbic process
  • Occurs in cell cytoplasm
  • 10 reactions
  • X1 6-C molecule (glucose) to X2 3-C molecules (pyruvate)
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9
Q

What are the 2 main concepts of glycolysis?

A
  1. Formation of a high energy compound - investment of ATP
  2. Splitting of a high energy compound - produces ATP
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10
Q

What happens in Step 1 of Glycolysis?

A
  • GROUP TRANSFER
  • Glucose converted to Glucose-6-Phosphate + H+
  • Enzyme: Hexokinase - ATP to ADP
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11
Q

What is a kinase enzyme?

A

Adds phosphate groups to molecules

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12
Q

What kind of reaction is Step 1 of Glycolysis?

A
  • Irreversible reaction —> commits cell to subsequent reactions
  • Traps glucose inside cell by negative charge of phosphate group
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13
Q

What is Step 2 of Glycolysis?

A
  • ISOMERISATION
  • Glucose-6-Phosphate converted to Fructose-6-Phosphate
    -Enzyme: Phosphoglucose isomerase
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14
Q

What is the purpose of Step 2 of Glycolysis?

A

-rearranging to make product symmetrical
-fructose-6-phosphate can be split into 2 equal halves

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15
Q

What is Step 3 of Glycolysis?

A
  • GROUP TRANSFER (phosphorylation)
  • Fructose-6-Phosphate is converted to Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate
    -Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase (ATP to ADP)
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16
Q

What is Step 4 of Glycolysis?

A
  • HYDROLYTIC (splitting) to form 2 high energy compounds
  • Fructose-1,6-biphosphate is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  • ENZYME: Aldolase
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17
Q

Can glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (Step 4) progress in the glycolysis pathway?

A

Yes

18
Q

Can dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Step 4) continue in the glycolysis pathway?

A

No - so converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in Step 5

19
Q

What happens in Step 5 of Glycolysis?

A
  • ISOMERISATION (rearrangement)
  • dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  • ENZYME: Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TPI)
20
Q

Why is deficiency in TPI fatal?

A
  • Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is not converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate THEREFORE cannot continue in glycolysis pathway
  • respiration not taking place
  • death of cells (neurones/RBC)
21
Q

What is Step 6 of Glycolysis?

A
  • REDOX and GROUP TRANSFER (phosphorylation)
  • X2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1,3-biphosphoglyerate
  • X2 NAD converted to X2 NADH
  • ENZYME: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
22
Q

What is Step 7 of Glycolysis?

A
  • GROUP TRANSFER (phosphorylation of ADP to ATP)
  • 1,3-biphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate
  • ENZYME: phosphoglycerate kinase
23
Q

What is Step 8 of Glycolysis?

A
  • ISOMERISATION
  • 3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate
  • ENZYME: phosphoglycerate mutase
24
Q

What is Step 9 of Glycolysis?

A
  • GROUP REMOVAL (water)
  • 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to phosphoenopyruvate + water
  • ENZYME: pyruvate kinase
25
Q

What is Step 10 of Glycolysis?

A
  • GROUP TRANSFER (phosphorylation of ADP to ATP)
  • phosphoenopyruvate is converted to pyruvate
26
Q

What are the final products of Glycolysis?

A
  1. X2 Pyruvate (step 10)
  2. X2 ATP (step 7 and step 10)
  3. X2 NADH (step 6)
27
Q

What are the 3 fates of pyruvate?

A
  1. Alcohol fermentation
  2. Generation of lactate
  3. Acetyl CoA Generation
28
Q

Where does alcohol fermentation take place?

A

Yeast

29
Q

In what condition does alcohol fermentation?

A

Anaerobic conditions

30
Q

What is the 2 step reaction of alcohol fermentation?

A
  1. Pyruvate is converted to Acetaldehyde via removal of CO2
    - ENZYME: pyruvate decarboxylase
  2. Acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol whilst NADH is converted to NAD+
    -ENZYME: alcohol dehydrogenase
31
Q

Where does generation of lactate take place?

A

Mammalian muscle

32
Q

In what conditions do generation of lactate take place?

A
  1. Anaerobic
  2. Intense activity - oxygen in limiting factor
33
Q

What is the reaction for the generation of lactate?

A

Pyruvate is converted to lactate whilst NADH is converted to NAD+
- ENZYME: lactate dehydrogenase

34
Q

Why is regeneration of NAD+ essential?

A

So glycolysis can continue

35
Q

Why is creatine phosphate essential in muscles?

A
  • Buffer demands for phosphate for ATP production
  • As amt of ATP needed during exercise is only enough to sustain contraction for 1 second
36
Q

How does Creatine Phosphate act as a buffer for ATP?

A

Creatine phosphate is converted to Creatine + ATP (ADP + H+ + Pi)
- ENZYME: Creatine Kinase

37
Q

Where does Acetyl CoA generation take place?

A

Mitochondria

38
Q

What is the reaction for Acetyl CoA generation?

A

Pyruvate + Hs-CoA —> Acetyl CoA + CO2
- NAD+ —> NADH
- ENZYME: pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

39
Q

What is the bond between the Acetyl group and CoA?

A

Thioester bond

40
Q

What is special about the Thioester bond between the Acetyl group and CoA?

A

High energy therefore readily hydrolysed
Enables Acetyl CoA to donate acetate (2C) to other molecules

41
Q

Where does Acetyl CoA next enter?

A

Krebs/TCA Cycle

POM 1a: Molecular Biology Of The Cell (2) (1 decks)

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