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SAT II World History > 2.1 Bronze Age Civilizations > Flashcards

2.1 Bronze Age Civilizations Flashcards

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1
Q

civilization

A
  • highly organized and complex society
  • common features
    • division of labor
    • state government
    • writing and religion
    • hierarchy
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2
Q

draft power

A

using the strength of domesticated animals (such as pulling a plow)

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3
Q

irrigation

A

redirecting the natural flow of water to aid farming

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4
Q

surplus food

A

more than minimal amount needed to survive

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5
Q

city

A

large, densely populated settlement where civilization first emerged

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6
Q

division of labor

A
  • separation of tasks in a society so that individuals may specialize
  • made civilization possible
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7
Q

state

A

centralized government with authority over a given territority (e.g., city, country, empire)

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8
Q

hierarchy

A

a ranking of groups of people according to their importance, status, or power

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9
Q

Ancient Mesopotamia

A
  • land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that gave rise to several civilizations:
    • Sumerians
    • Akkadians
    • Babylonians
    • Hitties (originated in Turkey, conquered Mesopotamia)
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10
Q

Sumerians

A

Ancient Mesopotamians credited with building the world’s first civilization

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11
Q

ziggurat

A

stepped pyramid mounted with a temple, built by Ancient Mesopotamians

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12
Q

city-state

A

a political unit consisting of an independent city and the lands surrounding it

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13
Q

Cuneiform

A

system of wrtiting invented by Sumerians and adapted by many other Ancient Mesopotamian civilizations

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14
Q

Akkadians

A

Ancient Mesopotamians credited with building the world’s first empire

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15
Q

empire

A

a large political unit in which a number of different cultures are governed by a single ruler

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16
Q

Sargon the Great

A

Akkadian king who conquered Sumer and built the world’s first empire

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17
Q

Gilgamesh

A

epic poem about a Sumerian king searching for immortality

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18
Q

epic poem

A
  • lengthy narrative poem about a serious subject
  • contains heroic deeds and events significant to a particular civilization
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19
Q

Babylonians

A

Ancient Mesopotamians famous for their thriving capital city, for Hammurabi, and for their advancements in math and science

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20
Q

Hammurabi

A

Babylonian king most famous for his law code

21
Q

Code of Hammurabi

A

well-preserved Babylonian law code of Ancient Mesopotamia

22
Q

Hittites

A

Ancient Anatolians who conquered Mesopotamia, famous for being the first to manufature iron and to use war chariots

23
Q

Ancient Egypt

A

civilization in Northeastern Africa that was sustained by the Nile River for thousands of years

24
Q

Old Kingdom

A

first dynastic era in Egyptian history, famous for its pyramids

25
Q

mummification

A

pracitce used by Ancient Egyptians to preserve human body for the afterlife

26
Q

Egyptian pyramid

A

built as tombs for the pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods

27
Q

absolute monarch

A

a hereditary ruler whose power is unlimited

28
Q

pharaoh

A

political and religious leader of Ancient Egypt

29
Q

dynasty

A

a series of rulers who come from the same family

30
Q

Hieroglyphs

A

the writing system used in Ancient Egypt

31
Q

Rosetta Stone

A

large stone with three versions of a decree, used to decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs

32
Q

Middle Kingdom

A
  • Egypt was reunified after the fall of Old Kingdom
  • overthrown by the Hyksos
33
Q

Hyksos

A
  • conquered Egypt bringing an end to the Middle Kingdom
  • used horse-drawn chariots
34
Q

New Kingdom

A

political and cultural zenith of Ancient Egypt

35
Q

Indus Valley Civilization

A
  • Bronze Age civilization that flourished in present-day Pakistan and India
  • written language is undeciphered - everything we know is based on physical remains
36
Q

Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa

A
  • Indus Valley cities that were remarkably advanced
  • impressive urban planning, standardization, and water management
37
Q

Aryans

A

Indo-Europeans that invaded India, perhaps bringing an end to the Indus Valley Civilization

38
Q

Ancient China

A
  • last River Valley Civilization to emerge
  • geographically isolated
  • main two dynasties: Shang and Zhou
39
Q

Shang Dynasty

A
  • first Chinese dynasty with solid archaeological evidence
  • centralized political control
  • laid the foundation for all future dynasties to come
    • first cities in East Asia
    • invented Chinese writing system
    • ancestor worship
40
Q

ancestor worship

A

Chinese religious practice initiated by Shang that involves paying homage to deceased family members

41
Q

Zhou Dynasty (“Joe”)

A
  • overthrew the Shang and implemented decentralized political control (feudalism)
  • first to claim Mandate of Heaven
  • Warring States Period led to creative new philosophical ideas, including Confucianism
42
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

idea that the gods take power from rulers that become unfit to rule, and pass that power to another group

43
Q

feudalism

A
  • decentralized form of government
    • aristocrats get land from the king
    • the king gets loyalty and military service in return
44
Q

Warring States Period

A
  • period towards the end of Zhou Dynasty when fuedal kings fought each other
  • gave rise to new philosophical ideas (including Confucianism) as people searched for solutions
45
Q

Mediterranean Civilizations

A
  • During the Bronze Age, four smaller civilizations in and around the Mediterranean Sea left a profound influence on human history:
    • Hebrews = monotheistic religion
    • Phoenicians = alphabet
    • Minoans = first civilization in Europe
    • Mycenaeans = legacy influenced Classical Greeks
46
Q

Hebrews

A
  • monotheists
  • laid the foundations for three of the world’s major religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
47
Q

Phoenicians

A

supreme mariners whose alphabetic writing system became popular throughout their large trade network

48
Q

Minoans

A
  • early Greeks who lived on the island of Crete
  • Europe’s first civilization
  • magnificent palaces
49
Q

Mycenaeans

A
  • early Greeks who lived on the mainland and had a warlike culture
  • mythologized in later Greek literature

SAT II World History (6 decks)

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