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2.Particles - A level Physics > 2.1 - Atomic Structure & Decay Equations > Flashcards

2.1 - Atomic Structure & Decay Equations Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

+1.6x10⁻¹⁹C

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2
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

0C

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3
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

-1.6x10⁻¹⁹C

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4
Q

What is the mass of a proton?

A

1.67x10⁻²⁷kg

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5
Q

What is the mass of a neutron?

A

1.67x10⁻²⁷kg

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6
Q

What is the mass of an electron?

A

9.11x10⁻³¹kg

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7
Q

What is the relative charge and mass of a proton?

A

charge = +1
relative mass = 1

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8
Q

What is the relative charge and mass of a neutron?

A

charge = 0
mass = 1

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9
Q

What is the relative charge and mass of an electron?

A

charge = -1
mass = 1/2000 (negligible)

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10
Q

What is specific charge?

A

The ratio of its charge to its mass.

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11
Q

What are the units for specific charge?

A

Ckg⁻¹

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12
Q

What is the equation for specific charge?

A

Specific charge = mass / charge
= Q / m

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13
Q

How do you calculate the specific charge of a nucleus?

A

specific charge = proton number x (1.60x10⁻¹⁹) / mass of all the protons + neutrons

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14
Q

How do you calculate the specific charge of losing an ion that has gained electrons?

A

specific charge = number of electrons gained x (-1.60x10⁻¹⁹) / mass of protons, neutrons and electrons

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15
Q

How do you calculate the specific charge of losing an ion that has lost electrons?

A

specific charge = number of electrons lost x (1.6x10⁻¹⁹) / mass of protons, neutrons and electrons

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16
Q

What is the proton number? (aka atomic number)

A

The number of protons in an atom (crazy right?!)
ᴬₚX
ₚ = proton number
(X = chemical symbol of element)

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17
Q

What is the nucleon number? (aka mass number)

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus.
ᴬₚX
ᴬ = nucleon number
(X = chemical symbol of element)
(also ᴬ - ₚ = number of neutrons)

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18
Q

What are isotopes defined as?

A

An atom (of the same element) that has an equal number of protons but a different number of neutrons. This makes them unstable.

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19
Q

What is isotopic data defined as?

A

The relative amounts of different isotopes of an element found within a substance.

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20
Q

What is an isotopic signature?

A

A set of ratios of the abundances of different isotopes in a sample.

21
Q

What are the uses of isotopic data?

A

radioactive dating:
- Carbon-14 is a naturally occurring isotope common in living beings and goes under radioactive decay
- When the being dies the concentration of carbon-14 in its tissue reduces over time
- half-life = 6000 years and can be used to determine the age of dead plants/animals

22
Q

What does the strong nuclear force do?

A

It keeps the parts of the nucleus together and therefore keeps it stable.

23
Q

What is bigger, the electrostatic force or gravitational attraction?

A

The electrostatic force, by a lot.

24
Q

When is the strong force repulsive?

A

Between 0 and 0.5fm (0.5 x 10⁻¹⁵)

25
Q

When is the strong force attractive?

A

0.5fm to 3fm. (f = 10⁻¹⁵)

26
Q

When is maximum attractive value for the strong force?

A

1.0fm (f = 10⁻¹⁵)

27
Q

When does the strong force become 0?

A

After 3fm (f = 10⁻¹⁵)

28
Q

What are the 4 fundamental forces?

A
  • The strong force
  • The weak force
  • The electromagnetic force
  • The gravitational force
29
Q

What is the weakest force of the 4 fundamental forces?

A

The gravitational force.

30
Q

Where does the electrostatic force come from in the nucleus?

A

The protons’ electric charge.

31
Q

Where is alpha decay most common?

A

In large, unstable nuclei with too many protons.

32
Q

What happens when an alpha particle is emitted?

From a structural perspective

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons are released.
So the proton number reduces by 2 and the nucleon number reduces by 4.

33
Q

What is an alpha particle’s range like?

A

Very short, only a few cm through are and can’t penetrate paper.

34
Q

What are 2 ways alpha radiation be observed?

A
  • In a cloud chamber where the tracks left by alpha particles are shown.
  • A Geiger counter, looking at the count rate drops
35
Q

What happens in beta-minus decay?

A

A neutron turns into a proton emitting an electron and an electron-antineutrino.
So in equations, the proton number increases by 1 and the nucleon number stays the same.

36
Q

What is the equation for beta minus decay?

A

n –> p + e⁻ + /Ve

37
Q

What is an electron neutrino?

A

A type of subatomic particle with no charge and negligible mass which is also emitted from the nucleus.

38
Q

In what decay are electron anti-neutrinos produced?

and also has a neutron decay into a proton

A

Beta-minus decay.

39
Q

In what decay are electron neutrinos produced?

A

Beta-plus decay.

40
Q

Why was the neutrinos existence hypothesised?

A

To account for the conservation of energy and momentum in beta decay.

41
Q

What is the difference between antimatter and matter?

A

Antimatter particles are identical to their matter counterpart but the opposite charge.

42
Q

What is the antimatter equivalent of an electron and what is its charge?

A

Positron.
Charge = +1

43
Q

What is the antimatter equivalent of a proton and what is its charge?

A

Anti-proton.
Charge = -1

44
Q

What is the antimatter equivalent of a neutron and what is its charge?

A

Anti-neutron.
Charge = 0

45
Q

What is the antimatter equivalent of a neutrino and what is its charge?

A

Anti-neutrino.
Charge = 0

46
Q

Are the masses and rest energies of antiparticles the same or different to matter particles?

A

The same.

47
Q

What is annihilation?

A

When a particle meets its equivalent anti-particle they both are destroyed and their mass is converted into energy in the form of 2 gamma ray photons (high energy photons).

48
Q

What is the minimum energy of one photon after annihilation?

A

The total rest mass energy of one of the particles -
Emin = hfmin = E
Emin = minimum energy of one of the photons produced (J)
h = Planck’s Constant (J s)
fmin = minimum frequency of one of the photons produced (Hz)
E = rest mass energy of one of the particles (J)

49
Q

How is momentum conserved in annihilation?

A

The photons move apart in opposite directions.

2.Particles - A level Physics (5 decks)

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