2.1 and 2.2 Structure of Cells and Organelles Flashcards
Give 4 differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell
1) pro has no nucleus whereas eu has nucleus 2) pro has no nucleolus whereas eu has nucleolus 3) Ribosomes in pro are smaller than eu
4) No spindle fiber during cell division
n in pro cells whereas spindle fiber is present during mitosis and meiosis in eu
State 5 functions of the cell membrane
1) protects the cell.
- no chemical or reaction will harm the cell
2) regulates or controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
-through protein channels
3) acts as receptor sites in recognizing external stimuli such as hormones.
-enables the cell to recognize other cells
4) helps in cell mobility such as WBC
Difference between TEM and SEM microscope
TEM microscopes are transmission electron microscope that enables you to see inside of a cell, SEM is scanning “””” that enables you to see the surface or outside of the cell
Two major functions of Rough ER
1) Produces protein such as digestive enzymes found in the glandular cells of the stomach
2) Transports protein to smooth ER or to the Golgi Apparatus.
Name 2 types of cell wall
primary and secondary cell wall
3 functions of cell wall
1) Protects the cell from physical injuries and hemolysis
2) Supports the plant through cell turgidity or mechanical strength
3) provides food storage in the form of hemicellulose in some seeds.
4) controls excessive loss of water from epidermal cells of the leaves and stems by having a waxy cuticle on the surface of the cell wall.
Cytoplasm can be divided into……………
cytosol and cytoskeleton
Give 2 functions of cytosol
stores vital chemicals including fats and enables organelles to move about in it
Cytoskeleton can be divided into 3 which is…….
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
State the functions of microtubules
1) forms the cytoskeleton that determines the shape of the cell
2) can pull chromosomes or chromatids during mitosis or meiosis
Function of microfilament
cause membrane invagination and evagination during endocytosis and exocytosis
The function of intermediate filaments
maintain the shape of the cell during the nucleus
help some specialised cells to carry out their functions
The nucleus can be divided into…………………………
nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, chromosome
state the functions of the nuclear envelope
1) protects the inner structure of the nucleus, especially the chromatin
2) controls the shape of the nucleus
function of nucleoplasm
contains various enzymes for metabolism including that for glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and synthesis of NAD
2 major functions of chromosomes
control the production of RNA and proteins in cells and controls all the activities of the cell
enables mitosis and meiosis to take place
functions of smooothhhh criminal ER
DETOXIFIES drugs and toxins in our body w help of enzymes in liver cells
forms hemicellulose, pectin, and cellulose in meristem cells
forms lysosomes
ez clap, functions of mitochondria
1) Carry out the Krebs cycle, part of cellular respiration
2) Carry out oxidation and complete breakdown of fatty acids into CO2 and h20 to produce ATP
3) carry out oxidation and complete breakdown of amino acids
4) carry out oxidative phosphorylation which produces ATP from ADP and phosphate
Functions of Golgi Apparatus
1) Produces cell wall materials in vesicles which are directed to the cell plate where the new cell is formed after mitosis in meristem
2) process lipids to form glycolipids, package them, transport, and store them within the cell
3) forms lysosome through budding of larger vesicles
Functions of lysosome
1) Digests foreign substances or cells that are endocytosed
2) can carry out autophagy
3) can carry out autolysis for rebuilding of new tissue
Functions of ribosome
Provide the site for the formation of peptide bonds in which amino acids join to form polypeptide or protein
Functions of chloroplasts
1) carry out photosynthesis producing organic compounds, especially carbohydrates
2) mature chloroplasts do divide
3) Carry out photophosphorylation and Calvin cycle
Functions of centrioles
Organize the formation of spindle fibers
Organise formation of cilia and flagella which have a ‘9+2’ pattern
3 types of vacuoles are………………
central, food, and contractile vacuole
Functions of the types of vacuole
sap vacuole- stores water
food vacuole- digests food
contractile vacuole- to expel excess water, acts as a osmoregulatory mechanism
