2.1-2.4 vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

monosaccharides

A

single sugar units

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2
Q

disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides linked together

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3
Q

Amylose

A

The crystallizable form of starch, consisting of long, unbranched chains.

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4
Q

polysaccharides

A

many monosaccharides linked together

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5
Q

Polysaccharides

A

A carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.

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6
Q

Glycogen

A

A stored form of glucose made up of any connected glucose molecules, the body’s main source of energy.

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions.

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8
Q

triglycerides

A

made by combining three fatty acids with one glycerol. used as energy stores and heat insulators.

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9
Q

Catabolism

A

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers.

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10
Q

Protein Confirmation

A

The protein’s 3D dimensional shape

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11
Q

Triglycerides

A

Formed by condensation from 3 fatty acids and one glycerol, main constituents of natural fats and oils.

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12
Q

Do carbon atoms form a branched or unbranched chain?

A

Carbon atoms form a unbranched chain.

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13
Q

Properties of Water

A

Cohesion, Adhesion, Thermal, and Solvent

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14
Q

Cohesion

A

the bonding together of two molecules of the same type

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15
Q

Adhesion

A

Bonds forming between water and other polar molecules

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16
Q

How many hydrogen atoms do carbon atoms bond to?

A

All other carbon atoms are bonded to two hydrogen atoms

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17
Q

Thermal properties

A

High specific heat capacity, high latent heat of vaporization, high boiling point

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18
Q

Globular proteins

A

Proteins where polypeptides gradually fold up as they are made,
to develop the final conformation (often includes parts that are helical or sheet-like)

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19
Q

What 4 things is a carbon atom in the centre of the of the molecule?

A

An amine group, a Carboxyl group, a Hydrogen atom, and the R group.

20
Q

Denaturation

A

A change to the conformation of a protein due to the bonds or interactions between R groups of amino acids that are relatively weak and can be disrupted or broken

21
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Specialized group of cells immediately under the skin and around some organs (body fat).

22
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

A fatty acid with single bonds between all of its carbon atoms therefore contains as much hydrogen as it possibly could

23
Q

Proteins contain Sulfur, what does not carry sulfur?

A

Carbohydrates and lipids

24
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Fatty acids that have one or more double bonds and contain less hydrogen than they possible could

25
Q

Monounsaturated

A

One double bond in a fatty acid

26
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

When a fatty acid has more than one double bond

27
Q

Do Lipids contain more or less Oxygen than Carbohydrates?

A

Lipids contain relatively less oxygen than catrbohydrates.

28
Q

Catalysis

A

Thousands of different enzymes are used to catalyse
specific chemical reactions within the cell or outside it.

29
Q

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A

mass in kilograms (kg) / height in meters (m)^2
Used to assess if a person’s body mass is healthy or too high or low

30
Q

Muscle contraction

A

Actin and myosin together cause the
muscle contractions used in locomotion and transport around
the body.

31
Q

Cytoskeletons

A

Gives animal’s cells their shape and pull on chromosomes
during mitosis.

32
Q

Synthesis

A
33
Q

Cis-Fatty Acid

A

In unsaturated fatty acids, the hydrogen atoms are nearly always on the same side of the two carbon atoms that are double bonded

34
Q

Trans-Fatty Acids

A

In unsaturated fatty acids, the hydrogen atoms are on the opposite side of the double bonded carbon atoms

35
Q

Tensile strengthening

A

fibrous proteins give tensile strength needed in skin, tendons, ligaments and blood vessel walls

36
Q

Nomogram

A

Diagram used to find BMI; Body mass=left line; Body mass index=middle line; height=right line

37
Q

Blood clotting

A

Plasma proteins act as clotting factors that cause
blood to turn from a liquid to a gel in wounds

38
Q

Transport of nutrients and gases

A

Proteins in blood help transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, iron and lipids.

39
Q

Cell adhesion

A

Membrane proteins cause adjacent animal cells
to stick to each other within tissues.

40
Q

Membrane transport

A

Used for facilitated diffusion and active transport, and also for electron transport during cell respiration and photosynthesis.

41
Q

Hormones

A

some such as insulin, FSH and LH are proteins,
but hormones are chemically very diverse.

42
Q

Receptors

A

binding sites in membranes and cytoplasm for
hormones, neurotransmitters, tastes and smells, and also
receptors for light in the eye and in plants

43
Q

Packing of DNA

A

histones are associated with DNA in eukaryotes
and help chromosomes to condense during mitosis

44
Q

Immunity

A

this is the most diverse group of proteins, as cells can
make huge numbers of different antibodies

45
Q

vitalism

A

the theory that all living things could only be made because of a vital principle

46
Q

Role of Enzymes in Metabolism

A

To act as a catalyst in a chemical reaction. These reactions sum up to one’s metabolism.