2.1

Question 1

Lower extremity surface anatomy

Answer 1

Question 2

Lower extremity fascia

Answer 2

Connective tissue that contains, protects, and encloses

Regions:
- thigh: fascia lata
- leg: crural fascia

Fascia lata has a superior attachment is the inguinal ligament of the pelvic region, inferiorly it continues as crural fascia. IT band is thick and tough.

Question 3

Superficial fascia

Answer 3

Deep to the skin
Includes:
- loose connective tissue
- fat
Cushions and contains
- cutaneous nerves
- superficial veins
- lymphatics

(blue)

Question 4

Deep fascia

Answer 4

Tough
Dense connective tissue
Encircles leg
Branches into investing septa:
- connect deep fascia to bone
- divide leg into compartments
Important to prevent outward expansion of muscles during contractions
- This aids in muscular pump of venous blood

(green)

Question 5

Illiotibial Tract

Answer 5

Strong, thickened, lateral portion of fascia lata
Attachment point for muscles of lower extremity
Distal attachment: lateral (Gerdy’s) tubercle of tibia

Question 6

LE osteology

Answer 6

Question 7

Pelvic girdle osteology

Answer 7

Question 8

Sacrum osteology

Answer 8

Question 9

Hip Bone osteology

Answer 9

Triradiate hyaline cartilate connect the three bones together and form a Y shaped epiphyseal plate.

fusion begins at 15-17 years old with complete fusion in early 20s

Question 10

Hip osteology

Answer 10

Question 11

Pelvic girdle ligaments

Answer 11

Attach bones:
- vertebral column
- sacrum
- hip bones

Create support and openings:
- muscles
- nerves
- arteries

Question 12

Ligaments of pelvic girdle

Answer 12

Question 13

Sciatic foramen

Answer 13

Question 14

Femur osteology

Answer 14

Femurs are oriented obliquely in thigh to position knees near midline for support of trunk.

It is the longest and heaviest bone.

Question 15

Tibia

Answer 15

Shin bone
2nd largest bone
Weight-bearing bone of lower leg
Anteromedial
Almost completely vertical

Question 16

Fibula

Answer 16

Non weight bearing
Used for muscle attachment
Posterolateral to tibia
Shaft connected to tibia via an interosseous membrane
Lateral malleolus extends more inferiorly than the medial

Question 17

Patella

Answer 17

Sesamoid bone
Articulates with femur

Question 18

Arteries of lower extremity

Answer 18

Question 19

Veins of the lower extremity

Answer 19

Small saphenous vein empties into popliteal vein

Great saphenous vein empties into femoral vein

Question 20

Palpating the femoral artery

Answer 20

Midpoint between the ASIS and pubic tubercle

Uses:
- femoral pulse
- threading catheter for cardiac angiography

Question 21

Lumbosacral plexus

Answer 21

Spinal nerve roots start dividing immediately
Divisions of different spinal nerves join then travel to target structures

Question 22

Lumbar plexus

Answer 22

Spinal nerve roots exit the spinal canal at L1-L4
Forms nerves of the pelvis and lower extremity

Question 23

List nerves of the lumbar plexus

Answer 23

Iliohypogastric (T12-L1)
Ilioinguinal (L1)
Genitofemoral (L1, L2)
Lateral femoral cutaneous (L2, L3)
Femoral (L2-L4)
Obturator (L2-L4)
Lumbosacral trunk (L4,L5)

Question 24

Lateral femoral cutaneous n.

Answer 24

L2, L3
Exits pelvis under inguinal ligament
Runs along fascia lata surface
Prone to injury from compression

Question 25

Femoral nerve

Answer 25

L2-L4
Exits pelvis under inguinal ligament
Motor:
- iliopsoas: hip flexion
- quadriceps: knee extension
Sensory:
- sense to the dermatomal distribution of L2-L4

Question 26

Obturator nerve

Answer 26

L2-L4
Exits pelvis through obturator canal
Motor:
- adductors: hip adduction
Sensory:
- sense to dermatomal distribution of L2-L4
Serves medial aspect of thigh