21 Flashcards
Why does material have to be in solution for it to be sensed as tase?
because taste buds are located in a depression
what are the primary classes of taste?
sweet, sour, salty, umami, bitter
which nerves transmit the sense of smell to the brain?
olfactory nerves
which nerves transmit the sense of taste to the brain?
facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
where are taste buds located?
sides of the papilla on the tongue
what is the exact region of the nasal cavity that is sensitive to smell stimuli?
olfactory epithelium
which process would be used to perceive a lipid-based food?
olfaction
does adaption to one smell influence adaption to another smell?
no
some smells that we perceive as two separate smells are actually identical. what other cues do we use to distinguish these two smells?
sight
what visual mechanism might explain red eye?
bright light reflecting off back of retina
what is the consensual reflex of the pupil?
change in pupil when light is detected
how does the vitreous humor differ from aqueous humor in terms of location and viscosity?
aqueous humor is located in the anterior chamber and is less viscous
what tunic of the eye converts visible light into nerve impulses?
retina
which nerve takes the impulse of sight to the brain?
optic nerve
what is another name for the sclera?
white of the eye
which gland produces tears?
lacrimal gland
what is the name of the transparent layer of the eye in front of the anterior chamber?
cornea
the iris of the eye has what function?
size of pupil
where is vitreous humor located?
vitreous chamber
what is the function of the choroid?
absorbs light passing through the retina and preventing blurry images
is the lens anterior or posterior to the iris?
posterior
which retinal cells are responsible for vision in dim light?
rods
how would you define the near point of the eye?
the nearest point an object can be focused
what do the numbers 20/100 mean for visual activity?
you must be at 20ft to see what a normal vision person can see at 100ft
what is astigmatism?
uneven bending of light
in what area of the eye is the blind spot located?
optic disk
what are the three general regions of the ear?
inner, middle, external
the pinna of the ear consists of what two major parts?
helix and lobule
the ear is what kind of receptor?
mechanoreceptor
the ear performs two major sensor functions. what are they?
hearing and balance
what structure separates the external ear from the middle ear?
tympanic membrane
name the 3 ear ossicles.
malleus, incus, stapes
what is the function of the cochlea?
hearing
what area is found between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani?
vestibular membrane
what units are used to measure sound energy?
decibles
what part of the inner ear is involved in perceiving static balance?
vestibule
name the parts of the ear that might be impaired if a person demonstrates conduction deafness.
tympanic membrane or ear ossicles
what two diagnostic tests are used to determine conduction deafness?
weber and ….?
what is the name of the tube that runs from the auricle to the tympanic membrane?
external auditory meatus
the auditory tube connects which two cavities?
tympanic cavity and nasopharynx
which tube is responsible for the equalization of pressure when you change elevation?
auditory tube
what is the name of the space the encloses the ear ossicles?
tympanic cavity
name all the parts of the inner ear
semicircular canals, cochlea, vestibule
what is the general name for organs that produce hormones?
endocrine glands
what name is given to regions that are receptive to hormones?
target areas
melatonin is secreted by which gland?
pineal gland
in which specific part of which gland is ADH stored?
posterior pituitary
what is the effect of TSH and where is it produced?
stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4; produced in the anterior pituitary gland
what does glucagon do as a hormone and where is it produced?
regulates blood glucose levels and is produced in the pancreatic islets
which hormones in the adrenal gland control water and electrolyte balance?
corticosteroid hormones
what is the primary gland that secretes epinephrine?
medulla of adrenal gland
where is growth hormone produced?
anterior pituitary
what is another name for T3?
tri iodothyronine
what connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
isthmus
does parathormone increase or decrease calcium levels in the blood?
increase
formed elements consist of three main components. what are they?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
what is the most common plasma protein?
albumins
what is another name for a thrombocyte?
platelets
what is the most common blood cell?
red blood cell
what is another name for a white blood cell?
leukocyte
which white blood cell is the most numerous in a normal blood smear?
neutrophils
how many RBCs are normally found per cubic millimeter of blood?
5 million
what is an avg # of WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood?
7,000
B cells and T cells belong to which class of agranular leukocytes?
lymphocytes
what value is there to a change in the % of WBCs to diagnostic medicine?
can detect diease
what is the function of platelets?
clotting of blood
formed elements constitute what % of the total blood volume?
45%
in terms of volume, does the blood normally contain more plasma or more formed elements?
plasma at 55%
what is the name of a surface membrane molecule on a blood cell that causes an immune response?
antigens
what ABO blood type is found in a person who is a unviersal dnoor?
O-
what is the average range of hematocrit for a female?
38-47%
what is the average range of hematocrit for a male?
40-54%
what % of blood volume consists of formed elements?
45
a person with blood type B has what kind of antibodies?
Anti A
a person has Antibodies A and B in their blood with no Rh factor. what kind of blood do they have?
O-
a total of 240 RBCs are counted in the hemacytometer chamber. what is the RBC count per cubic million?
2,400,000
what is anemia?
when blood is lost faster than it can be replaced or when the production of RBCs is low
the heart is located between the lungs in an area known as the…
mediastinum
what is the layer that is superficial to the pericardial cavity?
parietal pericardium
what is the innermost layer of the heart wall called?
endocardium
what is the name of the depression between the 2 ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart?
inter-ventricular septum
are auricles extensions of the atria or ventricles?
atria
which 3 vessels take blood to the right atrium?
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
where do the great cardiac vein and the small cardiac vein take blood?
coronary sinus
which blood vessels nourish the heart tissue?
coronary arteries
which structure seperates the left and right atrium?
interatrial septum
what is the name of the spot between the atria?
fossa ovalis
the bicuspid valve is located between which two chambers of the heart?
L atrium and L ventricle
name the structure between the atrioventricular valve and the papillary muscle
chordae tendinae
what is the function of the aortic semilunar valve?
prevents the flow of blood from aorta into the left ventricle
what is another name for the tricuspid valve?
right atrioventricular valve
which cell type males up most of the myocardium?
cardiac muscle cell
how does cardiac muscle resemble skeletal muscle?
both striated
the sinoatrial node has a common name, what is it?
pacemaker
which 2 chambers are stimulated immediately after the SA node depolarizes?
atria
after the AV node depolarizes, which structures conduct the impulse to the myocardium of the ventricles?
AV bundles, bundle branches, purkinje fibers
what electrical event in the heart does the QRS complex represent?
ventricular depolarization
ventricular re-polarization is represented by which part of an ECG?
T wave
which ECG wave represents atrial depolarization?
P wave
why is the ECG event indicating atrial re-polarization not seen in an ECG?
because it occurs at the same time as the ventricular depolarization
what does a heart block do to impulse transmission in the heart?
slows impulse in heart and slows QRS
if a myocardial infract destroyed a portion of the right or left bundle branches, what potential change might you see in an ECG?
increase of QRS
decreasing HR is under the control of which nervous division?
parasympathetic
what is the resting HR of the average person?
72 bpm
are there more sodium ions inside or outside a cardiac muscle cell during resting membrane potential?
outside of the cell
what happens to sodium ions when a membrane depolarizes?
sodium flows into cell
which region of the heart depolarizes spontaneously?
SA node
what happens to the heart when an AP is generated in the SA node?
heart contracts
the movement of electrochemical impulses in the myocardium is called ______ conduction.
myogenic
what effect do calcium slow channels have on shortening or lengthening the contraction time of the heart muscle?
lengthens
a heart murmur is usually caused by what?
incomplete closure
blood in the radial artery comes from…
the brachial artery
what is the name of the outermost layer of a blood vessel?
tunica (externa) adventita
what kind of blood vessel has valves?
veins
blood from the common carotid artery next travels to which two vessles?
R radial and R ulnar arteries
where does blood in the R subclavian artery come from?
brachiocephalic artery
the internal carotid artery takes blood to …
the brain
the descending aorta receives blood from which vessel?
aortic arch
blood in the left common carotid artery receives blood from which vessel?
aortic arch
name the 3 blood vessels that exit the aortic arch
L common carotid
brachiocephalic
???
name the section of the descending aorta inferior to the diaphragm
abdominal aorta
blood from the celiac artery flows into 3 different blood vessels, name them.
splenic a.
L gastric
????
blood from the superior mesenteric artery goes to which major abdominal organs?
small intestine and first part of large intestine
which vessels take blood to the kidneys?
renal arteries
the ovaries/testis receive blood from…
the gonadal arteries
blood in the inferior mesenteric artery travels to which organs?
distal region of large intestine
what is arteriosclerosis?
hardening of the arteries caused by development of cholesterol plaque
in which part of the arterial wall does cholesterol plaque develop?
tunica interna
in a cat, which vessel takes blood to its adrenal glands?
adrenal lumbar
how does the lower pelvic arteries in humans differ from those in cats?
there is no common iliac in cats
which type of veins have names that DO NOT correlate to arteries?
superficial
the internal jugular vein takes takes blood from which area?
the brain
which veins pass through the transverse vertebral foramina?
vertebral veins
the R and L external jugular veins drain which area?
superficial regions of the head
the brachiocephalic veins take blood to which vessel?
superior vena cava
is the radial vein a deep or superficial vein?
deep
where is the mediancubital vein found?
anti-cubital fossa
which vessel receives blood from the ulnar vein?
brachial
which region of the body houses the cephalic vein?
lateral forearm
which vessels take blood to the L femoral vein?
L deep femoral and L great saphenous
the great saphenous veins is in which region of the body?
medial aspect of lateral thigh
to which location does blood flow after it leaves the femoral vein?
external iliac vein
which two veins take blood to the common iliac vein?
internal and external illiac V.
what is the functional nature of the portal system ?
capillary bed–>vein–>capillary bed
which major vessels take blood to the hepatic portal vein?
inferior and superior mesenteric vein, splenic vein, gastro?
blood in the small intestine travels to the hepatic portal vein by which vessel?
superior mesenteric vein
name the opening between the atria and the fetal heart
foramen ovale
