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IB History SL > 20th Century Wars > Flashcards

20th Century Wars Flashcards

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1
Q

Economic Causes

Russian Civil War 1918-21) (4

A

Outdated Economy:

  1. Serfdom till 1861
  2. Lack of Technology
  3. 1.5% of the population owned 25% of land
  4. By 1916, inflation was at 200%
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2
Q

Economic Causes

Algerian War 1954-62) (4

A
  1. Pied Noirs owned 30% of arable land and dominated the agricultural industry
  2. 90% of wealth in hands of 10%
  3. 1 million unemployed Muslim Algerians
  4. Benjamin Stora: French had invested heavily into Algerian oil, mining and nuclear power
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3
Q

Political Causes

Russian Civil War 1918-21) (4

A

Treaty of Brest Litovsk (1918):

  1. Forced to renounce claims to Finland, Ukraine and Baltic States
  2. Lost 1 million miles, 50 million civilians (1/3 of population) and 27% of farm land
  3. Some joined the whites in protest of the treaty and the allies intervened
  4. Mawdsley: main cause for division
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4
Q

Political Causes

Algerian War 1954-62) (5

A
  1. WW1 Nationalist movement - 173.000 Algerians became exposed to democracy. Northern Star.
  2. The rejection of the Violette plan and the Manifesto of Algerian People (1943)
  3. VE celebrations in Setif (6,000 killed).
  4. Weak French government - 20 between 1945-54 and encouraged my Mao and Vietnam. UN and Atlantic Charter.
  5. French determined not to lose again
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5
Q

Social/Ideological Causes

Russian Civil War 1918-1921) (4

A
  1. The Bolsheviks closed the Provincial Government and the Assembly leading to anger from the Mensheviks and the Social Revolutionaries who were in control.
  2. Ban of all political parties
    3 Fear of Communism
  3. Execution of the Tsar in 1918
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6
Q

Social/Ideological Causes

Algerian War 1954-62) (4

A
  1. History of resistance e.g Abd al Qadir and not until 1897 that French in full control of coast and mountains
  2. Muslims treated as subjects (alien and inferior) rather than citizens
  3. Arabic replaced by French as the official language and French law replaced Islamic law. 75% of Muslim population illiterate
  4. Muslims held only eight out of more than 800 higher-level posts.
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7
Q

Importance of Technology

Russian Civil War 1918-21) (3

A
  1. Reds were also in charge of main railway hubs. Red’s could therefore move troops/ammunition from front to front rapidly.
  2. British engagements were some of the first engagements to coordinate land, sea, and air powers in combat while assaulting the battery at Mudyug Island.
  3. The Russian civil war was the birthplace of the Tachanka. A heavy machine gun mounted on a regular horse carriage, there vehicles brought an unequalled combination of mobility and firepower to the wide-ranging battles of the Russian civil war and the Russo-Polish war.
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8
Q

Importance of Technology

Algerian Civil War 1954-62) (3

A
  1. Helicopters enabled the French to transport and extract troops on a short notice rapidly e.g 120 helicopters moved 21,000 troops per month
    Helicopters were also effective at reconnaissance
  2. The Mourice Line consisted of an electrified fence, anti personnel mines, artillery and 80,000 soldiers at the Tunisian border. This prevented the FLN from obtaining supplies and led to French victory - ALN losing 3,200 per month compared to French’s 350
  3. Beau G. Rollie:“helicopters were decisive in achieving military superiority, but the advantages gained did not translate to strategic success”
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9
Q

Importance of Foreign Intervention

Russian Civil War 1918-21) (3

A
  1. Admiral Kolchak establishes relations with the Allies in order to receive aid but British (7,500) and French (15,000) leave by 1919 due to WW1 armistice.
  2. Allies set up a blockade and provided whites with superior equipment and weapons.
  3. Mawdsley: armistice was a turning point as allies no longer needed to support whites to win the war. ‘foreign intervention was half hearted and militarily ineffective.’
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10
Q

Importance of Foreign Intervention

Algerian Civil War 1954-62) (6

A
  1. Process of decolonisation around the world was accelerating which influenced De Gaulle’s decisions
  2. 42,000 terrorist attacks in France, claiming 2,800 civilian lives
  3. FLN received support from Morocco and Tunisia which had received their independence in 1956 and 1957. They also were supported by Egypt
  4. Limited impact of the Cold War (Suez Crisis)
  5. Kidnapping of Ben Bella from Moroccan aircraft provoked international criticism
  6. Beau G. Rollie: The will of the French people and the international community decided the outcome of the
    conflict in Algeria. (FOREIGN INTERVENTION)
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11
Q

Importance of Propaganda

Russian Civil War 1918-1921) (4

A
  1. Reds were able to portray themselves as the patriotic party, fighting against the “puppets” of foreign invaders
  2. Foreign forces had just finished WWI, low morale, rarely involved in fighting. France left by April 1919
  3. Agitprop (agitation propaganda) trains, river steamers, and theatre
  4. Robert Service: Lenin portrayed as a hero
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12
Q

Importance of Propaganda

Algerian War 1954-62) (5

A
  1. Week of the Barricades and the OAS showed that the French had lost Algerian support
  2. FLN were able to gain international support from Arab, Asian and Communist nations
  3. Voice of Fighting Algeria Radio station and setup revolutionary schools
  4. Promised extensive reform
  5. Alexander M: emphasises the skilled use of media opportunities by the FLN
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13
Q

Importance of Economic and Human Mobilization

Russian Civil War 1918-1921) (6

A
  1. Red Army did not exist in March 1918, but by 1920 → 5 million members. Meanwhile the largest combined number of men the whites had was 500,000
    Figes: This was the most important factor
  2. White forces had many experienced officers but Trotsky hired 50,000 former Tsarists to help and ensured their loyalty with Bolshevik political commissars and kidnapping
  3. Despite Allied blockade Red Army had access to Russian ‘heartland’ with industry + large pop.
  4. White armies had to rely on Allies for most of their weaponry
  5. Reds were also in charge of main railway hubs. Red’s could therefore move troops/ammunition from front to front rapidly
  6. Leadership of Trotsky also helped: Trotsky essentially lived from front to front, traveling 65,000 miles during war while Whites were divided e.g Kolchak’s coup in 1918 against socialists (Swain: most important)
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14
Q

Importance of Economic and Human Mobilization

Algerian War 1954-62) (6

A
  1. 1956: French had 400,000 to FLN’s 30,000.
    1960: French had 500,000.
  2. Successful blockade by French navy. France was closely located to Algeria so was able to easily send supplies and men
  3. French implemented a successful quadrillage strategy through the Challe Plan 1959 (west to east)
  4. The FLN were able to hide amongst the civilian people and had the local knowledge of terrain
  5. 250,000 fled to escape refugee camps but many were later recruited by FLN
  6. Gilly: “It was the whole population” that defeated the French
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15
Q

Importance of the use of Repression

Russian Civil War 1918-1921) (6

A
  1. Cheka were set up 1917 Dec after Lenin’s assassination attempt In March 1918 → Cheka had 120 employees, by 1921 → 143,000
  2. Cheka not restricted by law, executed opponents w/out trial (killed 50,000 in 1918). Concentration camps/ Gulags set up in 1918 during civil war → opposition/suspects sent
  3. Opposition press was shut down → Pro-Bolshevik propaganda spread through media
  4. Tsar family executed at Yekaterinburg July 1918
  5. Harsh requisitioning of food through “War communism”/ May 1918: Food Dictatorship - peasants were forced to give up their food. Growth of greens
  6. Michael Melancon: “unnecessary violence that alienated much of the population”
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16
Q

Importance of the use of Repression

Algerian War 1954-1962) (5

A
  1. The French military used torture to extract information, particularly in the Battle of Algiers and they were able to root out most FLN fighters. However, this meant that the French lost the Algerian people’s hearts and minds
  2. Both sides were engaged in a vicious cycle of reprisal e.g Aug 1955 Philippeville where 123 civilians were murdered by the FLn then 12,000 killed by French. Collective responsibility
  3. FLN used indiscriminate bombings e.g Battle of Algiers and OAS
  4. The French regrouped Algerian villagers - 2 million peasants (25% of population) were forced to move to concentration camps
  5. Martin Meredith: “an inferno of violence and an endless cycle of repression and revenge
17
Q

Impact on Women

Russian Civil War 1918-1921) (6

A
  1. Tsarist women lack many rights (barred from education and mostly illiterate) but under Communism they were empowered.
  2. 80,000 women are estimated to have served with the Red Forces, although most as doctors, nurses, telephonists and clerks
  3. “Bloody Rosa” and the Women’s Battalion of Death
    1926 International Communist Women’s day
  4. The Family Code of 1918 gave women equal status to men, granted illegitimate children the same legal rights as legitimate ones, secularised marriage, and allowed a couple to take either the husband or wife’s name once married. Divorce became easily obtainable, abortion was legalised in 1920, and communal facilities for childcare and domestic tasks were introduced with the aim of relieving women of household chores.
  5. In 1919, a Women’s Bureau (Zhenotdel) was established.
  6. Katie McElvanney: “substantial changes” but “short lived”
18
Q

Impact on Women

Algerian War 1954-1962) (5

A
  1. Alistair Horne: women provided the nucleus of anti colonial militancy
  2. Algerian women placed bombs at the start of the Battle of Algiers and many volunteered as nurses
  3. Veil provided camouflage and symbolic resistance
  4. Externally, the involvement of women in war were heavily were emphasised by the FLN e.g El Moudjahid
  5. Internally, FLN attitudes were very conservative (FLN commander Si Allal: In independent Algeria, the Muslim woman’s freedom stops at the door of her home) and upon entry to the resistance they were subject to adultery investigations which could lead to the penalty of death. Many progressive, literate women were deported to surrounding countries.
19
Q

Social Impact

Russian Civil War 1918-1921) (4

A
  1. Peasants in occupied territories were brutalised by both sides as over 8 million people died of starvation and disease
  2. 800,00 soldiers died in combat
  3. 250,000 executed by the Cheka
    4 .Civil war displaced more than a million people
20
Q

Social Impact

Algerian War 1954-1962) (5

A
  1. Deaths of 1 million Algerian and 18,000 French
  2. 250,000 refugees in Tunisia and Morocco
  3. 40,000 Harkis fled to France
  4. More than 900,000 pieds noirs left Algeria in one of the biggest mass migrations since the Second World War
  5. Retributions campaigns against Muslims loyal to French took 150,000 lives
21
Q

Economic Impact

Russian Civil War 1918-1921

A
  1. Peasants produced less so it wouldn’t be taken away
    State capitalism -> war communism. Black markets prominent as private trade became illegal
  2. Western powers were unwilling to trade with Bolsheviks who distrusted them as well
  3. Kristman: such as fall was “unexampled in the history of humankind”
  4. National income in 1920 was 40% of 1913. Industrial production was 15% of pre war levels Agricultural production was 35% pre war levels
  5. Famine led to New Economic Policy after the failure of war communism (average worker had a productivity rate 44% less than 1913)
  6. By autumn 1919, 80% of all enterprises were part of a centrally directed economy
22
Q

Economic Impact

Algerian War 1954-62) (7

A
  1. 900,000 pied noirs left Algeria with their technical skills and capital (the suitcase or the coffin)
  2. Policy of Algerian socialism (expropriation, state owned farms) although they still require assistance from France
  3. Shanty towns formed and destruction of OAS’s scorched earth tactics
  4. Industry was only at 25% of pre war
  5. 70% of Algerian workforce were unemployed after the war
  6. In the Evian Accords, Algeria had to give French companies preferential rights for 6 years
  7. Metz H: “The war severely disrupted Algeria’s society and economy
23
Q

Political Impact

Russian Civil War 1918-1921) (4

A
  1. One party state from elected provincial government
    Military opposition was destroyed
  2. Checka grew from 200 to 100,000 agents and used extra violence and torture powers
  3. Vitali Vitaliev - creation of State terrorism became for bedrock of Soviet power
  4. Church’s land and schools were nationalised in 1917, Only civil marriage allowed. Executions of many clerics.
24
Q

Political Impact

Algerian War 1954-62) (6

A
  1. Ben Bella became leader of independent Algeria but was later overthrown due to divisions within the FLN and 1,000 died in subsequent clashes
  2. Algeria joined the UN, Arab League, OPEC and the Organisation of African unity. Non aligned movement
  3. OAS members give amnesties 6 yrs after the war
  4. Algeria no longer had a professional army
  5. Algerian Socialism: Within two years, 40% of the farmland was state owned and state run
  6. Oliver R: “In some respects, at least, the rift took a surprisingly short time to heal.”

IB History SL (3 decks)

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