20th Century TH Midterm Flashcards
Symbolism
- Reaction against the cold cynicism of Naturalism
- Poetic language
- Subjective
- Soul-states
Two Naturalist plays by Strindberg
- The Father - A story about a man not knowing whether his child is biologically his
- Miss Julie - A seduction of/by the valet of the household
Anton Chekhov
Great Russian writer bridging the 19th and 20th centuries. The Seagull, The Cherry Orchard
August Strindberg
- Playwright whose work spanned across both the 19th and 20th centuries
- Naturalism and Symbolism,
- spent three years in a mental institution
- launched the expressionist movement *founded “Intima Theatre”
Modernism
Rebellion against traditional form and content
What is Naturalism
- Extreme Realism
- Examining humans scientifically
- Chaos of existence
- Focused on the lowest levels of life
Adolphe Appia
Swiss lighting/scenery designer
Synthesis of the Arts
Various art forms coming together to create one artistic performance/piece. Idea created by Diaghilev.
What is Decadence?
Overindulgence in language and theatrical practices
Harriet Bosse
- Strindberg’s third wife
- Great actress of the Swedish stage (despite her being Norwegian)
- Played the title role in “A Dream Play”
Two Expressionist Plays by Strindberg
- A Dream Play
* A Ghost Sonata
Important plays by Gorky
- Children of the Sun
- Summerfolk
- The Lower Depths
Who founded the Moscow Art Theatre?
Stanislavsky and Neimerov-Danchenko
Konstantin Stanislavski
Acting teacher/director and co-founder of the MAT
Vladimir Nemorovich-Danchenko
General manager and co-founder of the MAT
Alexander Blok
Russian playwright who wrote several plays, including “Little Fairground Booth/The Puppet Show” which combined actors and puppets.
Little Fairground Booth
- Russian Symbolist play
- Combined actors and puppets
- Written by Alexander Blok
Leonid Andreyev
- Russian Symbolist playwright who created “He Who Gets Slapped” and “The Life of Man”
Serge Diaghilev
- Associated with the concept of Synthesis of the Arts
* Brought together artists to perform/paint/direct in his Ballets Russes
Les Ballets Russes
Diaghilev’s famous Russian ballet company
Synthesis of the Arts
Philosophy which brings many art forms together to create one piece/performance
Gémier
Actor who created the role of Ubu in 1896, toured productions out to “country” audiences, started the “Theatre Gémier”, “Le Théâtre National Ambulant Gémier” and the “Théatre National Populaire”, and imported artists from other countries who he thought were equally as important.
Pataphysics
Jarry’s “Science of imaginary solutions”
Marinetti
- Founding father of Futurism
- Italian
- Wrote the “First Manifesto of Futurism”
- Wrote 29 Manifestos
Mayakovsky
Leader of Russian Futurism
The Great War
The first world war
1914-1918
Inspired the entire avant-garde movement (Dada, absurdism, existentialism, etc.)
“Feu d’artifice”
“Fireworks”
Most famous Futurist performance
Composed by Igor Stravinski
Tristan Tzara
Wrote the first manifesto of Dadaism in 1916
The most visible and longest-practicing dadaist continuing even after it became unpopular
Hugo Ball
Owner of the Cabaret Voltaire, a meeting place for Dadaists in Sweden (which was neutral) during WWI
Cabaret Voltaire
Home and birthplace of the Dada movement in Zurich.
Poèmes simultanées (“Simultaneous poems”)
- “Simultaneous poems”
* Cabaret members stood and recited made-up-on-the-spot poems simultaneously in their own languages
Objets trouvés (“Found objects”)
- “Found objects”
- Impermanent sculptures created by compiling everyday objects
- Think, Felicia throwing shit in her purse on a table
Dada(ism)
- Nonsense anti-art formed at the tail end of the Great War in Switzerland.
- simultaneous poems
- found object sculptures
- Designed not to last, but to destroy itself as it was created
André Breton
- Wrote “The First Manifesto of Surrealism”
- Former Dadaist and forerunner of the Surrealist movement
- Leader of the Surrealism movement
Surrealism
- Term coined by Guillaume Apollinaire
- “Dreamy”: No sense of time and space, juxtapositions of images
- Led by André Breton
Guillaume Apollinaire
- Developed “calligrams”, a poetic style wherein the lines of a poem form the image of the poem’s subject
- Coined the term “surrealism” in an essay for the periodical “Parade”
- Many portraits/paintings done of him.
German Expressionism
- Aesthetic movement in post-Great War Germany that projects the internal state of the protagonist onto the external world.
- HUGE in German cinema.
die Austrahlungen des Ich
“The outward expression of the self”
Traits of Expressionism
- Everyman protagonist
- Machines expressing human values
- Staccato dialogue
- Episodic construction
Oskar Kokoschka
- Expressionist painter-playwright known for his painting “The Tempest” and his play, “Murderer, the Hope of Women”,
- Plays based on battle of the sexes and man vs. woman
Georg Kaiser
- The leading German Expressionist playwright after the Great War
- “Morn to Midnight”
- “Gas”
Ernst Toller
- “Transfiguration”
- “Man of the masses” (written with an “everyman vs. everyman”)
- Jewish German Expressionist playwright
- Served in WWI
- Committed suicide when Hitler took power
Classic German Expressionist Films
- The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919)
2. Metropolis (1922)
Karel Capek
- One of the two Czech brothers
- Coined the term “robot” in his play “R.U.R.”
- Wrote “R.U.R.” and “Insect Comedy”
The Capek Brothers
- Karel - Playwright
* Josef - Artist & Set Designer
Otomar Krejca
- Czech director known as one of the great 20th century directors
- Directed abroad and is especially known for his productions of/by Chekhov
- Founded the Theatre Behind the Gate
- Artistic Director of the Czech National Theatre
Josef Svoboda
- Czech scenic and lighting designer
* Co-founded Laterna Magika
Laterna Magika
- Founded in 1957 by Josef Svoboda
- One of the first to combine live actors and film action
- Very sophisticated projections for its time
- Famous for its 1963 “Romeo and Juliet” with its floating balcony
Václav Havel
- Wrote “Memorandum”, “Garden Party”, “The Protest”, “Audience”
- Became president of CzR
- Was a “parasite” and worked in a brewery, inspiring his play “Audience”
- Began the trend of “Vanek Plays”
- Member of Charter 77
- Was in prison (twice)
Maurice Maeterlinck
Flemish playwright who wrote “The Bluebird” and “Pelleas and Melisande”. Successful Symbolist.
Big 3 Flemish Playwrights
- Maurice Maeterlinck
- Fernand Crommelynck
- Michel de Ghelderode
Michel de Ghelderode
- Wrote on Flemish subjects in French.
- Superstition, mysticism, demonic elements, grotesque imagery, sensual qualities, and explosive language
- Discovered and produced by a French woman director named Catherine Toth
- Wrote “Chronicles of Hell” and “Pantagleize”
Suzanne Lilar
- Titled “Baroness” by Belgian government
* Wrote El Burlador, a Don Juan Play
Hugo Claus
- Leading Flemish-language playwright from the 1970s-1990s (or 1950’s-1960s?)
- Wrote “Hair of the Dog” and “Friday”
- Creepy/discomforting subject matter
- Some plays based on Greek classics
Ivo van Hove
- Leading Dutch director who re-imagined Greek classics
Jean Cocteau (Works)
- Orpheé
- Beauty and the Beast
- Eiffel Tower Wedding Party
- The Blood of a Poet
- produced the surrealist ballet “Parade”
Blood of a Poet
Cocteau’s first major film, inspired by being pelted with rocky snowballs in grade school
Jean Cocteau’s Plays and Films
- Wedding at the Eiffel Tower (Play, 1921)
- Orpheus (Film adaptation of poem, 1926)
- Blood of a Poet (Film, 1930)
- Beauty and the Beast (Film, 1945)
Antonin Artaud
- Troubled childhood and continuing illness
- Founded Théâtre Alfred Jarry with Roger Vitrac
- Wrote Le théâtre et son double (The Theatre & its Double)
- Wrote “Jet of Blood”
- Started Theatre of Cruelty
“The Theatre and Its Double”
- A collection of essays written by Artaud that were the foundation of the Theatre of Cruelty
Artaud’s Theatre of Cruelty
- Touch audience to force audience involvement
- Violent and supernatural poetic language
- liberate audience from repressions of civilization
- “An assault on the senses”
Jacques Rouché
- Friend of Jacques Copeau
- Used his fortune from the perfume industry to travel and support artists
- Wrote the book “Modern Theatre Art”
- Founder and director of Theatre of the Arts
- Director of the Paris Opera
- Liked simplified designs
- Put together The World Fair
Firmin Gémier
- Actor who originated the role of Ubu in 1896
- Toured large-scale classics to rural France
- Created Théâtre National Populaire in 1920
- Thought work from other countries was equally as important
- Founded “Theatre Gémier”
- Performed and directed his own shows
Jacques Copeau
- The “master” of the French theatre
- Theatre Critic who founded Théâtre du Vieux Colombier (1913)
- Major influence on two generations of French theatre artists.
- His first production in Paris was a simple production of Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night
Théâtre du Vieux Colombier’s specific goals
- Retheatricalization of the theatre
- Restore beauty to the stage
- Poetry of the Theatre
- Increase intellectual content - restore classics and produce them in a way that’s enjoyable and accessible to everyone
- Give primacy to the dramatist’s text
- Put Appia’s ideals of staging into practice
Michel Saint-Denis
- Founded the Stratford Festival in Ontario
- Wrote a book called The Rediscovery of Style
- Copeau’s nephew
- Ran the Old Vick company in London where he practiced Copeau’s theories
Members of le Cartel des Quarte
- Charles Dullin
- Georges Pitoëff
- Gaston Baty
- Louis Jouvet
Charles Dullin
- Member of the Cartel des Quarte
- Trained Jean-Louis Barrault at his acting school
- Tutored several great artists, including Barrault and Artaud
- Founded Théâtre de l’Atelier
Louis Jouvet
- Studied under Copeau
- Specialized in Moliere and Giraudeux
- Cartel de Quartro
Vladimir Ilich Lenin
- (1870-1924)
- Electrified rural Russia
- Advocated traditional (realistic) theatre
- Considered the theatre a valuable tool in cultural totalitarianism
- Installed the New Economic Policy (1921)
- Established the People’s Commissariat for Enlightenment
- Created “monument art” as propaganda tools
The New Economic Policy (NEP)
- Lenin’s temporary, limited return to Capitalism intended to jump-start the economy before the Sovieets fully embraced Communism
- NEP Men inspired many of Russia’s comedies
Lunacharsky
- The first People’s Commissar for Public Enlightenment under Lenin
- Protected artists as long as he could
- Put the October Revolution in the Theatre
- Encouraged new Soviet theatres and playwrights to write about the country’s progression
Agit-Prop Theatre
Agitation Propaganda
- Propaganda skits toured to rural areas
* Living newspapers, mock trials, mass spectacles, factory brigades
Mass Spectacles
- Gigantic productions commemorating the events of the October Revolution
- Partly propaganda, but also a method of keeping morale up in the proletariat
- Most famous: “The Storming of the Winter Palace”
The Proletarian Culture Movement
- Proletarian/amateur organizations to replace bourgeois art with “worker’s art”
- Factory/village playreading circles
The Great October Revolution
1917 Communist revolution
The Storming of the Winter Palace
- Anniversary mass spectacle in the square of the Winter Palace to commemorate the fall of the Whites
Nikolai Nikolaievich Evreinov
- Director-in-chief of “The Storming of the Winter palace”
- Directed “Theatre of the Soul”, a play set within a human body
- Founded The Theatre of the Crooked Mirror
The Golden Age of Soviet Theatre
- 1921 - 1928
- Comprised of the NEP period (1921-24) and the four years after Lenin’s death until Stalin’s consolidation of power (1928)
Constructivism
- Experimental avant-garde approach to theatre that flourished in Moscow and St. Petersburg
Meyerhold
- Director
- Known for his constructivist “Magnanimous Cuckold”
- Directed the first uncut production of Lermontov’s “Masquerade”
- Most visible formalist in Soviet theatre
- Directed Mayakovsky’s “Mystery Bouffe”
- Arrested for Formalism
Dr. Dappertutto
Meyerhold’s commedia dell’arte stage name
Biomechanics
- Actor training method that disregards psychological realism
- Trains actors as athletes, dancers, acrobats, and fencers to express emotion through physical action
The Magnanimous Cuckold
- Major production by Meyerhold
* Known for its trademark constructivist set
Mayakovsky’s Major Plays
- Mystery-Bouffe
- The Bathhouse
- The Bedbug
Vladimir Mayakovsky
- Soviet writer of three major plays
- Futurism’s chief proponent in Russia
- Committed suicide in 1930
- Ardent supporter of the Soviet Revolution
- Friend of Meyerhold’s
Formalism
- Form over subject matter/ideas/content
Evgeny Vakhtangov
- Developed an approach to theatre called “fantastic realism”
- Known for “The Dybbuk” and “Princess Turandot”
- Third major Russian director
Fantastic Realism
- Performance style combining Stanislavski’s realism and Meyerhold’s fantasism
The Big 4 Golden Age Soviet Directors
- Stanislavski
- Meyerhold
- Vakhtangov
- Tairov
Alexander Tairov
Most “choreographed” Soviet director
Alexandra Exter (or Ekster)
- Designer at the Kamernie Theatre
* Created costumes with “built-in movement” to accommodate constructivist settings
Nikolai Erdmann
- Wrote “The Suicide”
* Hailed as “the New Gogol”
“The Suicide”
- Written by Erdmann
- Meyerhold and Stanislavski vied for the rights to produce the play, but Stalin blocked its production
- Erdmann was arrested in 1932 for the play because it “calomnied Soviet [authority]” and spent a decade in a hard labor camp. For the rest of his life he never spoke above a whisper
Mikhail Afanaseyevich Bulgakov
- THE major Russian playwright of the 20th century
- Soviet-era playwright
- Irritated Soviets with “Bulgakovism” (pre-revolutionary fashion and manners)
- Wrote Stalin to ask permission to emigrate
Bulgakov’s Works
- The Heart of the Dog
- The Master of Margarita
- Days of the Turbins
- Zoya’s Apartment
NEPman
Character satirizing the “modern Russian man” during the New Economic Period from the play “The Heart of the Dog”
Joseph Stalin
- r. 1924 - 1953
- Vladimir Lenin’s successor
- Instituted the First Five-Year Plan
- Set requirements for artists
- Killed more people than Hitler
- Focused on heavy industry
- Had all rivals killed
Isaac Babel
- Prolific Stalin era writer known for his fiction
- Wrote “Red Cavalry”, a nonfiction about his life in the Red Army (his greatest work)
- Protected by Gorky
- Wrote “Marya”, a play set in the NEP period
- Arrested and executed
Socialist Realism
identify
- The basic method of Soviet literature and literary criticism
- Demands of the artist the truthful, historically concrete representation of reality in its revolutionary development
- All art must be propaganda
- The absolute standard for all art and critical review
Principles of Socialist Realism
- Progressive action
- Individual struggle against traces of bourgeois thinking
- Positive hero
- Happy ending (conflict must be between good and better)
Nikolai Okhlopkov
- Stage/film actor and director
* His most famous production: “The Iron Curtain Hamlet” at the Mayakovsky Theatre
The Iron Curtain Hamlet
- Performed at the Mayakovsky Theatre
- Directed by Nikolai Okhlopkov
- Produced in 1954, the year after Stalin died and the ban on Shakespeare’s tragedies/histories was lifted
- Designed with huge iron doors
Evgeny Lvovich Shvarts
- Wrote for children’s magazines
* Wrote “The Dragon”, “The Naked King”, and “The Shadow”
Nikolai Akimov
- Directed the first production of “The Shadow”
- Painted Opkolohv’s portrait
- Designed scenery and costumes for “The Shadow”
- Worked at The Comedy Theatre
Mark Rozovsky
- Playwright
- Director and Dramaturg @ M.A.T.
- Play based on one written by Tolstoy
Andrei Amalrik
- Playwright
- Theatre of the Absurd
- Wrote a trio of absurd, Ionesco-style plays and some books
Yuri Liubimov
- Actor in the 40’s and 50’s
- directed a Brect show and afterwards they gave him The Taganka Theatre and made him the artistic director
- The Evil Curtain Hamlet - The most famous set design in the 20th century
Taganka Theatre
- Elderly, tiny, rundown theatre gifted to Liubimov
* Made internationally famous by Liubimov
Ludmila Petrushevskaya
- Soviet short story writer who accidentally became a playwright
- Wrote “Three Girls in Blue”
Jose Echegaray
- Mathmatician-playwright
- The first Spaniard to win the Nobel Prize in Literature
- Won the Prize for his play “El Gran Galioto” which was made into a movie
Modernismo
Spanish art-nouveau movement in architecture and poetry at the turn of the century
Costumbrismo
Spanish folk culture and customs
Ramón María del Valle-Inclán
- One-armed Spanish playwright who coined the term “esperpentos”
- Wrote “The Paper Rose”, “Blood Pact”, “Sacrilege”, “The Head of the Baptist” (Savage Acts)
- The embodiment of the Generation of 1898
- Wrote comédias barbaras (barbaric comedies)
Comedias Bárbaras
- Barbaric comedies
- Valle-Inclán wrote a trilogy in this style:
- Cara de Plata
- Romance de Lobos
- Aguilar de Blasón
Esperpentos
Esperpentismo
Term invented by Valle-Inclán to describe his own works that “looks at life through the wrong end of a telescope”
Federico García Lorca
- Spanish playwright who founded La Barraca, a touring theatre company
- Executed for his homosexuality and buried in an unmarked grave
- Close friend of Salvador Dali’s
- Wrote the Trilogy of Spanish Womanhood (“Blood Wedding”, “House of Bernarda Alba”, and “Yerma”)
La Barraca
Student theater company founded by Lorca to tour to Spanish villages and people who may never have seen a play before
Lorca’s Trilogy of Spanish Womanhood
- Blood Wedding
- Yerma
- The House of Bernarda Alba
The Alvarez Quintero Brothers
Wrote costumbrismo pieces that were popular in Spain
Jacinto Benavente
- Member of the Generation of 1898
- Nobel Prize for literature
- 170 plays
- romance, tragedy, morality, comedy, etc.
- Most well-known play: “Passion Flower”
La Generación de 1927
- A generation of Spanish poets who matured around 1927
- Outward-looking, cosmopolitan outlook, rejected religion
- Poets; plays
La Generación de 1898
- A generation of Spanish writer-intellectuals who called for a resurrection of Spain’s past glory of education.
- Were fiercely patriotic, embracing modernismo and Spain’s Arab heritage
- Intellectuals; novels
Alejandro Casona
- Member of the Generation of 1927
- Often a streak of fantasy in his plays/work
- His best-known play: “The Lady of the Dawn”
Three categories of playwrights under Franco
- Commercial - Safe, shallow entertainment values. Mindless entertainment that poses no threat to the government.
- The Realistic Generation - Tried to present social reality while avoiding censorship.
- “New Wave” or “Underground” - Edgy; a challenge to get produced in smaller off-the-radar theatres
Alfonso Paso Gil
- Wrote light, commercial, popular theatre
- 200+ plays
- “¡Vámanos al Paso!”
- “Other Things about Papa and Mama”
Commercialist Spanish Playwrights under Franco
- Alfonso Paso Gil - “¡Vámanos al Paso!”
- Miguel Mihura - “Welcome, Mister Marshall!”, “Three Silk Top Hats”
- Joaquín Calvo-Sotelo - “The Wall”
- Victor Ruiz Iriarte
The Realistic Generation
Serious playwrights who got by under Franco (just barely)
Antonio Buero Vallejo
- Generation of Reason playwright who began as a painter
Works by Vallejo
“Sleep of Reason”*
“Story of a Staircase”*
“Madrugada”
“Las Meniñas”
Alfonso Sastre
- Regarded as “an enemy of the state” under Franco because of his plays
- His plays are often compared to Arthur Miller for their prosaic style.
- His style changed from realism to epic in the 1960s.
- Dream Cargo
- Death Squad
New Wave/Underground Theatre
Edgy, secret theatre in Franco’s spain that was difficult to produce due to censorship laws
Spanish National & Subsidized Theatres
- Center for National Drama (CDN)
* National Classical Theatre Company
Nuria Espert
- Spain’s leading actress of the late 20th century
* 21st-century director
Ana Diosdado
- Most produced Spanish woman playwright and leading woman dramatist of her time.
- Wrote for the Post-Franco generation coming into maturity
- “Song of the Drums” and “Yours for the Asking”
Els Joglars
- Barcelonan theatre company founded by Alberto Boadella
- “Daaali” - Artistic riff on Salvador Dali
- “La Cena” - A play about climate change
Lluís Pascual
- Founding director at the Teatre Lliure
- Appointed to the CDN María Guerrero
- Directed the world premier of Lorca’s “El Público” at the CDN
- Known for his staging of Lorca and Shakespeare
La Fura dels Baus
- Company known for using the “human tower” acrobatics in their productions
- Invited to stage the Olympic opening ceremony in 1992
- Castellers - people who create the human towers
- Travels worldwide staging massive productions
Herman Heijermans
- The outstanding dutch playwright of his era
- The Good Hope (1900)
- About the Dutch shipping trade and how it needed to be updated for safety
Erik Vos
- Directed Medea and Antony & Cleopatra for the Missouri Repertory Theatre
- Founded The Apple Company
The Apple Company
- Dutch theatre company founded by Erik Vos in the 1950s
Maxim Gorky
- Russian playwright who wrote “Children of the Sun” in prison
- Wrote “The Lower Depths”
- lured back to Russia by Stalin
- killed by Stalin’s doctors
Alfred Jarry
- Playwright who lived in Paris
- Wrote Ubu Roi (King Ubu)
- “Pataphysics” - “The science of Imaginary solutions/nonsense”
The Breasts of Tiresias
Play written by Guillaume Apollinaire
Jean Cocteau
- Playwright, novelist, painter, designer, sculptor. (“Jack of all traits”.)
- Flamboyant.
- Designed posters for the Ballet Rousse”.
- Dressed up in costumes a lot.
- Drew on his school experiences for his first film.
Georges Pitoëff
- Cartel de Quatro
* Actor influenced by Stanislovsky
Gaston Baty
- Cartel de Quatro
- director
- not obsessed with the text like Copeau
When the term “Expressionism” was first used
Trying to describe Van Gogh’s works
What is Expressionism?
External reality distorted by the subjective perception of the artist-dreamer.
Painting that describes/defines Expressionism
The Scream by Edvard Munich
Describe Expressionist plays:
Episodic construction, staccato dialogue, every-man/collective protagonist, the machine repressing human values
When was “ Expressionism” applied to literary works?
1910-1911
Name two famous Czech theatre artists and their professions
Tyl - Playwright who helped build the Czech National Theatre.
Hilar - Famous Theatre Director.
Belgium is made up of what three areas?
Flemish Speaking North, French Speaking South, and bilingual Brussels
What is the name of the first Belgian Theatre?
The Brussels Curtain
Name three French-speaking playwrites:
Maeterlinck, Michel de Ghelderode, and Suzanne Lilar
Name two Flemish-speaking Belgian playwrights
- Hugo Claus
* Jean Cocteau
What is “Parade”?
- “dress display”.
* Surrealist ballet with surrealist set and cubist costumes
Who wrote “The Wedding on the Eiffel Tower”?
Cocteau
Who wrote “Jet of Blood”?
Antonio Artaud
Who wrote “Chronicles of Hell”?
Michel de Ghelderode
What is Jacque Rouché most known for?
Saving the Paris Opera.
What was the first production for the “Théâtre des Arts”?
Carnaval des Enfants
How many plays did the “Théâtre du Vuieux” have it’s first season?
17
What happened between to the “Théâtre du Vuieux” after WWI started?
The second season was postponed. They opened in NYC to “represent France”. Removed proscenium “arch” to create an “open theatre”
What is one thing that the “Théâtre du Vuieux” is known for?
Removing the “proscenium arch” to create an “open theatre”
Who are two people/things that Copeau influenced?
Michel Saint and the Cartel des Quatre
What makes up Paris theatre since the 1930s?
“Boulevard theatre” (commercial theatre), “Experimental, avant garde, art theatre”, and “State/goverment subsidized repertory theatre preserving the classics”.
What is the “NEP”
“New Economic Policy”
What is the Intima Theatre
A small theatre founded by Strindberg in Stockholm
What is “Bloody Sunday”?
Mutiny on Battleship Potemkin
“Dacha” and “dachniki”
A house, home or structure and the people renting the house for the summer
What was the first production of the MAT?
The Seagull
Describe “Futurism”?
- Italy (mostly) before WWI
* Celebrated industrial progress, machinery and speed.
“Serate”
Futurist evening
“Sintesi”
Short plays
Timeline of art movements before, during, and after WWI
Before WWI: Futurism
During: Dada
After: Symbolism
Even more after: Expressionism
Dada
Anti-Art, poems simultaneous, objets trouves, nonsense
When was surrealism?
Paris 1920s
What is a caligram?
words forming pictures of what the poem is about.
Expressionism
Reality is distorted based on inner feelings
What is “R.U.R.”
Rosum’s Universal Robot. Play (and movie) by the Capek Brothers
What four plays make up Savage Acts by Valle-Inclan
“The Paper Rose”, “Blood Pact”, “Sacrilege”, “The Head of the Baptist”
“Ghost Sonata”
Play we read by Strindberg
“Children of the Sun”
Play we read by Gorky
“The Breasts of Tiresias”
Play we read by Apollinaire
“Morn to Midnight”
Play we read by Kaiser
“Transfiguration”
Play we read by Toller
“Memorandum”, “Protest”, “Audience”, “The Garden Party
Plays we read by Havel
“Chronicles of Hell”
Play we read by Copeau
“Eiffel Tower Wedding Party” and “Jet of Blood”
Play we read by Artaud
“Zoyka’s Apartment”
Play we read by Bulgakov
“Savage Acts”
Play we read by Valle-Inclan
“Blood Wedding”
Play we read by Lorca
“The Sleep of Reason”
Play we read by Buero Vallejo
