209 exam 1 Flashcards by Amanda Jones

The stimulus for secreting parathyroid hormone is a good example

a. neural stimulus
b. humoral stimulus
c. hypothalamic stimulus

humoral stimulus

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The most numerous leukocyte is the __________.

a. Neutrophil
b. Basophil
c. Eosinophil
d. Lymphocyte
e. monocyte

neutrophil

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Which of the following is a protective function of blood?

a. delivering oxygen from the lungs to all body tissues
b. transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target tissues
c. maintaining normal pH in the body
d. preventing infection

preventing infection

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Choose the correct sequence of electrical current flow through the heart wall.

a. SA node, subendocardial conducting network, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches
b. AV node, subendocardial conducting network, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches
c. subendocardial conducting network, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, SA node
d. SA node, internodal pathways, AV node, AV bundle branches, purkinje fibers

SA node, internodal pathways, AV node, AV bundle branches, purkinje fibers

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The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body and empties into the __________.

a. left atrium
b. left ventricle
c. right atrium

right atrium

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Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________.

a. Deactivating ions
b. Second messengers
c. Calcium
d. nucleotides

second messengers

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The posterior pituitary secretes ________

a. Thyroid hormone
b. Prolactin
c. Oxytocin
d. Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Oxytocin

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Functional thyroid hormone requires the addition of the mineral _________

a. calcium
b. potassium
c. sodium
d. iodine

iodine

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Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.

a. activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones
b. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
c. entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA
d. binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

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Protein hormones are

a. Soluble in neither water or lipids
b. Lipid soluble
c. Water soluble
d. Soluble in both water and lipids

Water soluble

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The major targets of growth hormone are _______.

a. The liver and gallbladder
b. Bones and skeletal muscles
c. The blood vessels
d. The adrenal glands

Bones and skeletal muscles

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Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.

a. Cortisol
b. Epinephrine
c. Testosterone
d. Estrogen

Cortisol

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The hormone called ________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the Circadian rhythm cycle of daylight and darkness.

a. Erythropoietin
b. Melatonin
c. Glucagon
d. calcitonin

Melatonin

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Excess growth hormone prior to puberty would result in

a. Cretinism
b. Osteoporosis
c. Dwarfism
d. Rickets
e. Gigantism

Gigantism

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Parathyroid hormone

a. increases the rate of calcium absorption.
b. stimulates osteoclast activity.
c. raises the level of calcium ion in the blood.
d. All of these answers are correct.

all of the above

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A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

a. Oxytocin.
b. glucagon.
c. Thyroxine.
d. Calcitonin.
e. parathyroid hormone.

Calcitonin

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Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?

a. Hypoxia of EPO-producing cells
b. An increased number of RBCs
c. Moving to a lower altitude
d. Decreased tissue demand for oxygen

Hypoxia of EPO-producing cells

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What is the average normal pH range of blood?

a. 7.75-7.85
b. 8.35-8.45
c. 7.35-7.45
d. 4.65-4.75

7.35-7.45

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Which blood type is generally called the universal donor?

a. A
b. B
c. O
d. AB

O- negative

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During coagulation _____________ proteins forming a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot

a. plasmin
b. heparin
c. Fibrin
d. collagen

Fibrin

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What are the least abundant formed elements?

a. Neutrophils
b. Platelets
c. Basophils
d. Erthryocytes

Basophils

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Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

a. closure of the heart valves
b. excitation of the sinoatrial (SA) node
c. friction of blood against the chamber walls
d. opening of the heart valves

closure of the heart valves

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Which of the events below does NOT occur when the semilunar valves are open?

a. AV valves are closed.
b. Ventricles are in the systole.
c. Blood enters pulmonary arteries and the aorta.
d. Ventricles are in diastoles.

Ventricles are in diastoles.

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The rapid depolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to which ion(s)?

a. K+ only
b. both Ca2+ and K+
c. Na+ only
d. both Na+ and K+
e. Ca2+ only

Na+ only

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During the plateau phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, which ion(s) is/are crossing the membrane? a. Ca2+ only b. K+ only c. Na+ only d. both Na+ and K+ e. both Ca2+ and K+

both Ca2+ and K+

The AV node is important because it a. electrically opens the AV valves. b. delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting c. serves as the pacemaker in a normal heart. d. directs electrical impulses from the ventricles to the atria. e. None of these answers are correct.

delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting

The cardiac output is = to a. the stroke volume less the end-systolic volume. b. the product of heart rate and stroke volume. c. the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume. d. the product of heart rate and blood pressure. e. the difference between the stroke volume at rest and the stroke volume during exercise.

the product of heart rate and stroke volume

Blood is correctly classified as a(n) a. Organ system b. Connective tissue c. organ d. Intracellular fluid

Connective tissue

Select the correct statement about the heart valves. a. The tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle. b. The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. c. The atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent back-flow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction. d. Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves control the flow of blood into the heart.

The atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent back-flow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Which of the following transports oxygen-rich blood? a. pulmonary trunk b. superior vena cava c. pulmonary artery d. pulmonary vein

pulmonary vein

Which valves have chordae tendineae? a. bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid valves b. aortic and pulmonary valves c. valves in veins d. semilunar valves e. coronary valves

bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid valves

________ are a group of diseases characterized by the abnormal growth and development of white blood cells, and ________ are diseases where patients have too few white blood cells. a. Leukemias, neutropenias b. Neutropenias, leukemias c. Neutropenias, anemias d. Leukemias, anemias e. Anemias, leukemias

Leukemias, neutropenias

A heart rate of 125 beats per minute could be correctly termed a. a normal resting heart rate. b. Fibrillation. c. Bradycardia. d. Tachycardia. e. an arrhythmia.

Tachycardia

Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________. a. Left ventricle b. Right atrium c. Right ventricle d. Left atrium

Left atrium

With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see ________. a. decreased hematocrit b. decreased white blood cell count c. increased white blood cell count d. increased hematocrit

increased hematocrit

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the a. activating a clotting factor that converts prothrombin to thrombin. b. sticking of platelets to damaged tissue. c. activation of a proenzyme exposed to collagen. d. activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. e. release of tissue factor by a damaged endothelium.

activating a clotting factor that converts prothrombin to thrombin.

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the a. release of heparin from the liver. b. release of tissue factor by a damaged endothelium. c. sticking of platelets to damaged tissue. d. activation of a proenzyme exposed to collagen. e. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

release of tissue factor by a damaged endothelium.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn will not be possible in which of the following situations listed below? a. if the child is type O positive b. if the father is Rh- c. if the child is Rh+ d. if the father is Rh+

if the father is Rh-

The right ventricle pumps blood to the a. Right atrium b. Left ventricle c. Aorta d. Right and left lungs e. Left atrium

Right and left lungs

Each red blood cell is shaped as a biconcave disk. This allows it to a. shrink or swell slightly in response to osmotic conditions. b. synthesize new proteins and membrane components readily. c. change its shape to squeeze through narrow openings. d. change its shape to squeeze through narrow openings and shrink or swell slightly in response to osmotic conditions. e. change its shape to squeeze through narrow openings, shrink or swell slightly in response to osmotic conditions, and synthesize new proteins and membrane components readily.

change its shape to squeeze through narrow openings and shrink or swell slightly in response to osmotic conditions.

Ventricular contraction (Depolarization)

The three waves of the QRS complex represent ventricular depolarization.

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________. a. a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production b. an inadequate supply of lactic acid c. decreased delivery of oxygen d. a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways

decreased delivery of oxygen

If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood, you will find the red blood cells (erythrocytes) at the bottom of the tube and white blood cells atop them. This implies that ________. a. white blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells b. red blood cells have a greater density than white blood cells c. red blood cells are larger than white blood cells d. white blood cells are smaller than red blood cells

white blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary gland by a. Direct neural stimulation b. Gap synaptic junctions c. Secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system d. Altering ion concentrations and ph in the anterior pituitary e. Indirect osmotic control

Secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

Exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario which of the following is correct? a. Venous return decreases b. EDV decreases c. Preload increases d. Stroke volume decreases

Preload increases

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions? a. Systemic circuit b. Visceral circuit c. Pulmonary circuit d. Coronary circuit

Systemic circuit

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of cells of the target organ. This is known as _______. a. Up-regulation b. Cellular affinity c. Down-regulation d. Sensitivity increase

Up-regulation

The statement “strength of contraction increases intrinsically due to increased stretching of the heart wall” is best attributed to a. Baroreceptor reflexes b. Contractility c. The frank sterling law of the heart d. The aortic sinus reflex

The frank sterling law of the heart

The muscle layer of the heart is __________. a. Myocardium b. Epicardium c. visceral layer of the serous pericardium d. parietal layer of the serous pericardium e. endocardium

Myocardium

The vessels that carry oxygen to the myocardium are called __________. a. coronary arteries b. coronary veins c. pulmonary arteries d. pulmonary veins e. aortic arteries

coronary arteries

diastole

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood

systole

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.

Fibrillation

- an abnormal and erratic twitching of the heart muscle. | - rapid and irregular or out-of-phase contraction of heart muscle cells.

Bradycardia.

abnormally slow heart rate that is less than 60 beats per minute

Tachycardia.

a heart rate over 100 beats per minute

an arrhythmia.

an abnormal heart rate

Systemic circuit

carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body.

Pulmonary circuit

transports oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, where blood picks up a new oxygen supply

Coronary circuit

circulation of blood within the myocardium of the heart wall

growth hormones targets

bone and muscles

prolactin targets

mammary glands

follicle stimulating hormone targets

testes or ovaries

thyroid stimulating hormone targets

thyroid

adrenocorticotrophic hormone targets

adrenal cortex

T/F: Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels.

False

If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, what should result?

the kidneys will prevent calcium from being excreted in the urine

Atrial natriuretic peptide secreted by the heart has exactly the opposite function of __________ secreted by the zona glomerulosa.

aldosterone

signals the kidneys to conserve salt and water in response to low blood volume and pressure. It promotes increased reabsorption, and thus decreased urinary excretion of salt and water.

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

secreted in response to elevated blood volume and pressure. It promotes increased urinary excretion of salt and water, mainly by inhibiting the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.

Adrenocortical androgens are normally converted in females into estrogens. However, in adrenogenital syndrome, females develop a beard and a masculine pattern of body hair distribution; this occurs due to ______.

insufficient level of enzymes that convert androgens into estrogens

what hormones has significantly different effects when it is released in males instead of females?

follicle-stimulating hormone

What is a hematocrit?

A hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in a whole blood sample.

blood regulates all of the following, except? - pH level - fluid volume - body temperature - nutrient levels

nutrient levels

In a centrifuged sample of blood, what should not be in the plasma portion of the sample? - platelets - albumin - fibrinogen - electrolytes

platelets

what plasma constituent is the main contributor to clotting?

fibrinogen

What is the name of the protein found in rbc's that transports respiratory gases and provides the red color?

hemoglobin

What triggers erythropoietin (EPO) release that leads to the production of new red blood cells?

reduced availability of oxygen (hypoxia)

Which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport?

amino acids of the globin

hemoglobin

is composed of four protein chains and four heme groups

From which cell do the granulocytes descend?

myeloblast

What factor stimulates platelet formation?

thrombopoietin

Which step of hemostasis involves activation of formed elements in the blood?

platelet plug formation

Which blood type is considered to be the universal recipient?

What is the main function of heart valves?

to prevent backward flow of blood

When the atria contract,

The ventricles are in diastole.

what is equivalent to the ventricular volume during isovolumetric contraction?

The end diastolic volume (EDV)

during ventricular systole, the _____ valves are closed

The AV valves are closed.

During the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle, the _______ are open

The semilunar valves are open

Most of the decrease in ventricular volume takes place during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

ventricular ejection

what is equivalent to the ventricular volume during isovolumetric relaxation?

end systolic volume (ESV)

Most of the increase in left ventricular volume takes place during what phase of the cardiac cycle?

ventricular filling

In what direction does blood flow through the heart?

from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure

Atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

atrial contraction

At what point during the cardiac cycle does the AV valve close?

when ventricular pressure becomes greater than atrial pressure

At what point in the cardiac cycle does the semilunar valve open?

when ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure

Ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

ventricular ejection

At what point in the cardiac cycle does the semilunar valve close?

when pressure in the ventricle becomes less than aortic pressure

Isovolumetric relaxation is characterized by what?

The semilunar and AV valves being closed.

At what point in the cardiac cycle does the AV valve open?

when atrial pressure becomes greater than ventricular pressure

How does heart rate affect stroke volume?

A high heart rate reduces the end diastolic volume (EDV) and stroke volume (SV), because there is less time for ventricular filling.

What is the effect of high blood pressure on cardiac output?

High blood pressure increases afterload and reduces cardiac output (CO).

autonomic nervous system’s role in regulating heart rate?

The parasympathetic division normally inhibits the heart, keeping it beating at a slower rate than it would be on its own.

what is an effect of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroxine?

increase contractility

what is the cardiac output equation

``` CO = HR X SV = 75 beats/min X 70 ml/beat 5250ml/min= 5.25 L/ min ```

An increase in sympathetic stimulation of the heart would increase stroke volume by increasing

contractility

End systolic volume (ESV)

the volume of blood in one ventricle after contraction

Cardiac output (CO)

the volume of blood per minute pumped out by one ventricle

End diastolic volume (EDV)

the volume of blood in one ventricle before contraction

Stroke volume (SV)

the volume of blood per heart beat pumped out by one ventricle

Venous return (VR)

the volume of blood per minute flowing into one atrium

Heart rate (HR)

the number of heart beats per minute

superior vena cava

carries oxygen-poor venous blood from above the diaphragm from areas of the upper body and extremities into the right atrium.

coronary sinus

carries oxygen-poor venous blood of the coronary circulation into the right atrium.

inferior vena cava

carries oxygen-poor venous blood from below the diaphragm from the areas of the lower body and extremities into the right atrium.

blood flow from the coronary sinus to the lung capillaries

right atrium-> tricuspid valve-> right ventricle-> pulmonary semilunar valve-> pulmonary trunk-> pulmonary arteries

aorta

carries oxygen-rich blood to tissues

mitral (bicuspid) valve

prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium

systemic capillaries

capillaries receiving blood flow from the left side of the heart

The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?

2 pumps

Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?

right atrium

Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?

left atrium

Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?

right ventricle

Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?

left ventricle

myocardial infarction

heart attack

isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

As ventricular systole starts, the AV valves are closed and the semilunar valves are closed. Because the ventricles are contracting and both valves are closed, pressure increases rapidly leading to ejection.

T/F: As soon as ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure, the atrioventricular valve will open and ventricular filling will begin.

true

Ectopic focus

An abnormal pacemaker.

Infarction

Death of heart muscle cells

Quiescent period

Total heart relaxation

Ischemia

Heart muscle is deprived of oxygen

As your skeletal muscles contract during physical activity, more blood is returned to the heart. Which variable would be affected and what would be the outcome of this action?

Preload would be increased, which would result in a larger cardiac output.

Hypercalcemia could cause ______

prolonged T-wave

If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________

the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute

The Frank-Starling Law states that, if other factors are constant, a ________.

higher end diastolic volume will produce a higher stroke volume