2025 mocks - section B human Flashcards
urbanisation definition
the growth of a town/city as increasing numbers of people move there
megacity definition
a larger urban area with a population of 10 million or over
urban area definition
a built up area such as a town or city
The global pattern of urban change
Areas with the highest % of urbanisation include north america, europe and the middle east.
Urbanisation first occurred in HICs during the industrial rev.
Now, rate of urbanisation is higher in LICs than HICs
areas with the lowest levels of urbanisation
Africa and south Asia
why is the rate of urbanisation higher now in LICs than HICs
because of rapid population growth and rural-to-urban migration driven by better job opportunities, services, and living standards in cities. HICs have slower rates as they are already highly urbanized.
factors affecting migration
- migration ( push and pull theory) and natural increase
what are pull factors and give examples
pull factors are what brings/pulls someone to live in a place (positive)
examples:
-More job opportunities and higher paying wages
-Family and friends live there
-Better healthcare and services
- More political freedom (government)
- the area is more developed, eg. modern roads and transports system making life more convenient
what is a push factor and give examples
a push factor is something that pushes/drives someone out of an area (negative)
examples:
- fewer education opportunities
- low wages and not many job opportunities
- poor medical treatment/healthcare
- less political freedom
- higher risks of natural hazards like flooding, drought, natural disasters etc.
Factors leading cities growing to megacities
- migration: young people moving there, higher reproductive potential, higher birth rate
- location: coastal location with ports, suitable for trade and will increase economic growth
- rural to urban migration: people moving from countryside to city
- economic development: location may stimulate multiplier effect which attracts more people
- natural increase: birth rate higher than deathrate
environmental challenges in Mumbai
- water pollution: 77% of households suffer from poor water quality in the city, which leads to waterborne diseases occurring in people. there are 4000 cases of typhoid a day . Toxic chemicals being released contaminate the water and affects peoples health
- air pollution: Mumbai has very dirty air including dangerous levels of nitrous oxides, formed when nitrogen bonds to oxygen in hot areas, such as vehicle engines. and small dust particles called particulate matter. They are hazardous to human health and can cause respiratory problems
- waste: 7500 tonnes of waste a day produced. No comprehensive city based system of collection and waste builds up, posing a hazard to human health. However, Dharavi slums has a recycling zone where 80% of waste gets recycled, which is much higher than other countries such as 23% in the UK
Traffic congestion: 22 million vehicles registered and they contribute to air and noise pollution. AN increasing population would lead to more vehicles being registered and used. there are also many many unregistered vehicles. difficult to control and manage
name the different economic and social measures of development
- gni per capita
- hdi
- life expectancy
- literacy rate
- birth rate
- death rate
- infant mortality rate
causes of uneven development
physical
economic
historical
physical causes of uneven development
- physical geography: countries experiencing extreme weather hazards, such as floods, drought and cyclones due to its location ( eg. tropical location: tropical storms)
-flat areas prone to flooding
economic causes of uneven development
-LICs traditionally export primary products in low volume. these products have a very low value and are sold at a low price, so the country exporting them won’t gain much of a profit and they also need to buy imports, which have a higher value and cost
- majority of global trade is between the richer countries, so only they are benefitting
historical causes of uneven development
- colonialism in the 19th century: Gambia, Bangladesh and other countries were colonised by the UK and the UK used the countries economically for their own gain, leaving local populations disadvantaged.
- civil wars, struggles for power after colonies gained independence - money being spent on arms and defence and some governments have been corrupt
ways of reducing global inequality
- investment
- industrial development
- aid
- debt relief
-intermediate technology - fair trade
- microfinance loands
what is investment and how would it help close the development gap
Large companies (TNCs) can locate part of their business in other countries. This helps a country to develop as the companies build factories, lay roads and install internet cables, water pipes etc. Jobs could be provided
what is aid and how can it reduce development gap
Aid is the assistance from one country to another, such as money, loans or equipment.
The money has to be spent on things that will benefit the population.
what is intermediate technology and how can it help reduce development gap
Intermediate technology is using equipment and techniques that are suitable for their country of use.
It is affordable and not too expensive, can be maintained easily.
Allows sustainable productivity and employment opportunities for people.
Not dangerous to the environment
Skills needed can be easily learned, allowing more people to use it to benefit the country
What is fairtrade and how can it help reduce development gap
Fairtrade is paying producers a reasonable price for the goods that they produce. Many farmers in LICs are paid very low wages. This means that they cannot escape poverty. Fairtrade gives farmers a better chance in life.
what is debt relief and how can it reduce development gap
Debt relief is when a country’s debt is reduced or cancelled, allowing it to use the money saved for development and improving living conditions instead of repaying loans.
allows lower-income countries to free up funds for essential services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure, promoting economic growth and reducing poverty.
what are microfinance loans and how can they help close development gap
Microfinance loans are when money is lent to LICs to help them to develop. These are often small loans with reasonable interest rates. They are available to people and businesses who may normally struggle to get credit.
Reduces reliance on informal, high-interest loans.
Positive impacts of economic development in Bangladesh on the environment
- Large factories by law will have to install treatment plants
- new equipment in factories help to reduce water and energy consumption, saving this water for later use - sustainable
negative impacts of economic development in Bangladesh, on the environment
- most wet production in the textile industry involve harmful chemicals. 56 million tonnes of contaminated water a year which is untreated, flows freely into rivers. this causes damage to the aquatic ecosystem and animals. this leads to biologically dead rivers
- many factories don’t have treatment plants to treat waste, since they will lose money
- non-renewable energy is needed to produce different materials: 65,000 KWh of electricity and 250 tonnes of water is needed to produce just 1 tonne of cotton - overusing water resource
- air is polluted with Carbon dioxide and SO2 from power stations, air quality is affected.
positive impacts of economic development on quality of life
HDI increased from 0.394-0.632
life expectancy increased by 17 years
child mortality 4 times lower
female literacy more than tripled
negative impacts of economic development on quality of life
- businesses prioritised over local people for energy and water
- poorest suffer worst effects of environmental pollution
- Rana plaza disaster
- 40 million people in poverty
- people dying f diseases due to dirty, untreated and polluted water
- children becoming sick from playing in the water
what is a post industrial economy
where manufacturing industry declines are replaced by growth in the service sector and corresponding development of a quaternary sector
advantages of development of information technology (IT)
- computers allow large amounts of data to be stored and accessed very quickly
- the internet enables people to communicate with eachother instantly across the world
- technology continues to develop at a rapid pace eg. high speed broadband
- many people can access the internet using smart phones and tablets
how has development in IT affected the UK economy
- internet access enables many people to work from home
- many businesses are directly involved with I.T, manufacturing hardware and designing software
- over 1.3 million people work in the IT sector
- The UK is one of the world’s leading digital economies, attracting investment and businesses from abroad
service sector in the UK
has grown very rapidly since the 1970s. today it contributes over 79% of the UKs economic output
what does finance sector in the UK consist of and how has it affected development in the UK economy
includes banking, insurance, securities dealing and fund management
The UK is the world’s leading centre for financial services with the city of London as the UK’s financial centre
the financial service sector accounts for about 10 percent of the UK’s GDP and employs over 2 million people
what is the research sector part of
the quaternary sector
how has research sector affected the UK’s economic development
employs over 60,000 high qualified people and is estimated to contribute over £3 billion to the UK economy
Research is done by British Universities such as Cambridge, Manchester and Edinburgh.
Also done by private companies and government bodies
An example is the British Antarctic survey
what is a science park
a group of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses located on a single site
features of science parks
-built near university sites to attract graduates from the university and employ them
-they have excellent links with the university, that provides them research facilities and academic talent
-located in attractive locations with extensive green areas and woodlands
-Good transport links
what is a business park
an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses. Usually located on the edges of towns
why are business parks built on the edges of towns
- lands tend to be cheaper than in town centres
- with more land available, it would be easier to extend business
- access is better for workers and distribution using by-passes and motorways, LESS TRAFFIC CONGESTION
- businesses can benefit by working together
explain the difference between a science park and a business park
business parks are built areas occupied by a cluster of businesses ( any type) often built on the edges of towns where there is more land. science parks are groups of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses located on a single site, like a university site, attracting graduates and using them for employment
impacts of industry on the physical environment
- manufacturing plants can look very dull and uninteresting, and can have a negative visual effect on landscape: visual pollution
- industrial processes can cause air and water pollution, degrading soil
- waste products from manufacturing industry are often taken to landfill, and in ground they pollute water , the air and soil
- transport of raw materials and manufacturing products is usually by road, increases levels of air pollution and damage to environment
how does visual pollution of industry impact the environment
manufacturing plants can look very dull and uninteresting, having a negative visual effect on the landscape
how does air pollution of industry impact the environment
waste products from manufacturing industries are often taken to landfills and when in ground, they pollute the air
transport of raw materials can release CO2 into the air, which can increase the rate of global warming
how does water pollution of industry affect the physical environment
industrial processes can cause water pollution, which kills aquatic life and destroys aquatic habitats, and could lead to biologically dead rivers
nearby water courses could be polluted by the toxins from the existing polluted water
how does ground contamination impact the physical environment
Industries release pollutants like heavy metals, oils, and toxic chemicals into the soil, reducing soil fertility and harming organisms.
How can industrial development be more sustainable?
- Technology can be used to reduce harmful emissions
-desulphurisation can remove harmful gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
-stricter environmental targets
-heavy fines when pollution occurs.
example of how modern industrial development can be more environmentally sustainable
Torr Quarry, Somerset
why is torr quarry economically important
- over 100 people employed at the quarry, providing a source of income for these people
- national important source of rock which is used for a variety of construction such as roads
- contributes more than £15 million to the UK economy every year
how is the quarry environmentally sustainable
- 200 acres of the land has already been landscaped to blend in with surrounding areas, including planting trees and grass which increases green space, improving air quality in the area. allows wildlife to use this area for their habitats.
- the quarry will have regular monitoring of noise, by focusing on rail transport, also minimising impact on local roads and villages
what is London’s population Like?
London has a younger population, which is why the population is growing
why is London’s population growing
Young people, especially in their 20s and 30s, move to London for work. Employment opportunities, higher pay and the perception of a better social life attract them.
Young people, especially in the 20-30 age group, are more likely to have children. That leads to a high rate of natural population increase.
Migrants from around the world add to London’s population. As people arrive, others leave. The balance between the two groups is net migration.
Although net migration into London is quite low, most immigrants are quite young while most leaving are older. This reduces the population’s average age and leads to a great natural increase.
impacts of national and international migration on the growth and character of LONDON
- population growth
- cultural diversity
- economic contributions
- social challenges
- urban development
- transport and infrastructure
- political and policy implications
impact of national and international migration on : population growth
Migration has significantly driven London’s population growth. Both national and international migrants have contributed to the city’s increasing population over the years. This population growth has influenced housing, services, and infrastructure demand, transforming the city’s physical landscape.
impact of national and international migration on : cultural diversity
London’s migrant population has brought an incredible diversity of cultures, languages, and traditions to the city. This has enriched London’s social fabric, creating a vibrant and multicultural environment. Different ethnic communities have established neighbourhoods, contributing to the diverse character of London.
impact of national and international migration on : economic contribution
Migrants have played a crucial role in London’s economy. They have filled gaps in the labour market, particularly in healthcare, hospitality, construction, and finance sectors. Migrants have brought valuable skills, knowledge, and entrepreneurship, leading to innovation and economic growth in the city.
impact of national and international migration on : social challenges
Migration has also posed social challenges for London. The rapid influx of migrants has put pressure on public services, including healthcare, education, and housing. Additionally, tensions can arise between different cultural groups, leading to social integration issues that must be addressed.
impact of national and international migration on : urban development
Migration has influenced urban development patterns in London. Migrants often settle in specific areas, forming ethnic enclaves or cultural hubs. This has led to the development of distinct neighbourhoods with their own characteristics and amenities. The growth of migrant populations has driven the regeneration of certain areas and influenced the city’s spatial distribution.
impact of national and international migration on : transport and infrastructure
Migration has impacted London’s transport and infrastructure networks. Increased population and economic activity have placed demands on transportation systems, necessitating expansions and improvements. Additionally, cultural diversity has influenced the demand for specific amenities and services, shaping the city’s infrastructure.
impact of national and international migration on : Political and Policy Implications
Migration has had political implications for London, leading to debates and discussions on immigration policies, integration, and social cohesion. The city’s authorities have implemented various policies to manage migration and promote community cohesion, recognising the importance of balanced and inclusive growth.
social and economic challenges that urban change has created
- urban deprivation
- Inequalities in housing and education
- health
- employment
environmental challenges that urban change has created
- dereliction
- building on brownfield and greenfield sites
- waste disposal
London challenge: housing
-House prices and rents are higher in London than any other part of the country
- More people in London rent than own their house.
Average London house prices went above 667,000 in 2020 compared to a national average of 232,000
- there are those who live in poor quality, small rented accommodations at the same time as people living in some of the most expensive properties on the planet
London challenge: education
Children across London do not get equal exam grades, but some of the schools in London’s poorest boroughs are amongst the fastest improving schools in the country.
Generally, the schools in the poorest areas score the lower number of GCSE points per pupil
London challenge: health
The people in wealthy areas tend to live longer than those in the poorer areas of London
The census 2011 showed that the percentage of people reporting themselves as “not in good health” was also highest in the areas of lowest income
London challenge: employment
London’s employment rate was just 75.5 percent in 2020, similar to the UK average of 75.6 percent.
The unemployment rate was 5.3 percent in London compared with 4.8 percent in the UK, in 2020
What is urban decline
Urban decline is the deterioration of the inner city often caused by lack of investment and maintenance. It is often but not exclusively accompanied by a decline in population numbers, decreasing economic performance and unemployment
what is urban deprivation
urban deprivation is a standard of living below that of majority in a particular society that involves hardships and lack of access to resources.
Places of deprivation have visible differences in housing, and economic opportunities between the rich living alongside poor people
economic and social deprivation in london
Economic and social deprivation is an issue in London, affecting more than 2 million individuals who struggle with poverty.
what is deprivation
Deprivation refers to the extent to which individuals or communities lack the fundamental necessities required for a decent quality of life, such as employment opportunities, financial stability, adequate housing, and essential services.
London challenge:
urban decline and deprivation
Despite the large wealth in parts of London, many areas suffer from both urban decline and the people suffer from deprivation.
Harder for the poorest people to survive, since rent is high and other things are very expensive.
Areas like Barking and Tower Hamlets have the highest unemployment rates in the capital
London challenge: dereliction
in 2019, there were almost 3000 brownfield sites in London, covering 2,600 hectares. The Olympic park for the 2012 Olympics is a good example of how derelict land can be brought back into use.
what is dereliction
Dereliction is when buildings or land in urban areas become abandoned and neglected, often due to economic decline or deindustrialization
London challenge: economic and social impact of urban sprawl on rural urban fringe
- extra costs to tax payers, the public help to pay for infrastructure such as roads and water works to allow building developments to go ahead
- increased traffic: more people in these areas mean that cars are used more often, more traffic on roads and more air pollution and accidents
- health issues: people have to commute to work and often use cars. Negative impacts on people’s health such as High BP
- impact on social lives: people in sprawling communities can often live further from their neighbours, causing isolation
London Challenge: Environmental impact of urban spawl on the rural-urban fringe
Environmental issues: Sprawling cities consume land, and green spaces can be removed, causing a loss of biodiversity. Habitats can be destroyed and animals are displaced from them
Air pollution from an increased use in cars, affecting air quality
Advantages of greenfield
- no need to deep cline site from previous land use, so it’s cheaper and more efficient
- existing road networks not in place, so planning is not restricted
- often on the edge of cities where land is cheaper
- planners and architects have a blank canvas to work with
- more space available for gardens
- edge of city environments can appeal to buyers and businesses
- sites on the edges of cities are often close to major motorways, providing great access
advantages of brownfield
- more sustainable as existing developed land is being used
- stops city expansion as they are already within the city - stops loss of countryside and greenspace, reduces journey times since the city is more compact
- road networks already exist, as do electricity and gas networks, although they may need maintaining
- easier to gain planning permission as councils are keen to reuse brownfield sites
- sites are closer to the central business district for shopping and job opportunities
- overcrowded schools
negative impacts of urban sprawl and growth of commuter settlements on the rural urban fringe
- loss of greens space at the edge of the city for housing and expanded roads
- loss of habitat leading to reduced biodiversity
- original villages dominated by new modern estates
- loss of sense of place as many such developments look the same
- increased traffic congestion and air and noise pollution, with rise in commuter traffic
- rising housing costs so that many commuter villages become unaffordable
positive impacts of urban sprawl and growth of commuter settlements on the rural urban fringe
- improvements in social facilities eg. pubs and leisure or places of recreation
- increase in the supply of housing in a pleasant area on the edge
- you get to meet and know new people, improving social life
