2024 CPSI Study Flashcards
ASTM 1487
Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Playground Equipment for Public Use
ASTM F-1292
Impact Attenuation of Playground Surfaces within the use zone
ASTM F-3313
Standard Test method for Determining Impact Attenuation of Playground Surfaces within the use Zone of playground Equipment as tested in the Field
ASTM F-2223
Standards on Playground Surfacing
F-1951
Test Method for estimating accessibility of Playground Protective Surface
F -2075
Manufacturing of Engineered wood FIBAR
F-2373
Playground equipment for Children 6 to 23 months
F-2479
Guide for Pour-in-Place Rubber Surfacing
F-3012
Loose-Fill Rubber Surfacing
F-2049
Fencing/ Barriers for Playgrounds
F-1148
Residential Play Equipment
F-355
Standard Test Method for Impact Attenuation of Playing surfaces systems, other protective sports systems, and materials used for athletic, and recreation and play
F-3351
( new) Standard test method for playground surface impact testing in laboratory at specified test height
F-3101
Standard Specification for unsupervised public use outdoor Fitness Equipment
% of injuries caused by falls
79%
% of playground injuries are due to Impact
11%
1 major causes of Death and Serious Debilitating Injury
Entanglement
2nd major causes of death and serious debilitating injury
Falls to hard surface
3rd major cause of death and serious debilitating injury
Head and neck entrapment
4th Major Cause of death and serious Debilitating injury
Impact
Factors that contribute to playground injuries
Improper Use
Poor Supervision
Poor or Lack of Maintenance
Inapproprieate design
Installation Errors
Site Planning Issues
Ages of Children Injured on Playgrounds
- 26% ages 0-4
- 51 % ages 5-9
- 15% ages 10-14
- 8% ages 15+
Objectives of CPSI course
Identify- potential hazards
Rank- the hazards according to injury potential
Apply- the knowledge needed to remove the hazard and establish a system of inspections.
What are the components of a Playground Management Program
- Initial Compliance Audit
- Regular, Scheduled inspections, low and high frequency
- Routine and preventative maintenance and repairs.
Name the organizations associated with Public Playground Safety
. NRPA- national recreation and parks association
IPEMA. international Play equipment manufacturers association
NPCAI. National Playground Contractor’s association Inc.
Most relevant ASTM Standards
F-1487- Playgrounds for public use
F1292- impact attenuation of playground surface
F3313- Test method for impact attenuation in the field
F3351- Standard test method for playground surface impact testing in laboratory.
most important 2010 ADA standard
Every public facility or program ( Playground in this instance) shall be designed and constructed in such a manner that it is readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities.
Difference between risk and hazard
A child learns by taking risk that challenge them
hazard is something that can cause harm.
what are commonly used anthropometric measurements
5th percentile two-year old torso
95th percentile five-year old head
F1487-21 ( 21 is last year it was updated)
Focuses on causes of injury and death specifically identified by CPSC
purpose of 1487
Reduce life-threatening and debilitating injuries on playgrounds
Playground equipment not recommended for any playground
Heavy animal swings
Trapeze Bars
Trampolines
Free-swinging exercise rings
Swinging gates and doors
Not recommended for preschool playgrounds
Free-standing arch climbers
Free-Standing flexible climbers
Fulcrum Seesaws
parallel bars
log rolls
track rides
vertical sliding poles
spiral slides greater than 360°
Overhead Ring Chains max length
Chains must not exceed 7”
Projections is an entanglement hazard when all three are present.
Fits within one of the three projection test gauges
Projects vertically above the horizontal plane
Has perpendicular sides extending more than 1/8 “ from initial surface.
Three Sizes of Crush And Sheer Rods
.19 “ (3/16”. 5 MM) ( roller Slides)
0.30” ( 5/16”, 7.5MM) Only in CPSC ( merry Go Rounds)
.62” ( 5/8”. 15.7MM) ( common Crush and Shear)
what must be present for Crush and Sheer hazard to occur
Movement
Exemptions to Crush and Shear
Chains and Attachment
Coil Springs attachment
Swing and top Rail
Space between lightweight moveable objects ( tix tac toe boards)
There can be no single, non-Ridgid component suspended between play units or from the ground to play unit within 45 ° of horizontal unless it is:
min of 84” above playing surface so it does not catch a child’s head or neck ( close-line)
a single suspended component can be below 84” if it is a min of 1” at its widest cross section and brightly colored or contrast with surrounding environment.
Max Ramp slope should be ?
1:12 a rise of one foot over 12 feet
elevated access routes width?
Must be a min of 36” clear with the exception of 32” min width for a distance of no more than 24” for entrance and exit point
Arch climbers must not be
the sole means of access for ages 2-5
Flexible climbers should not be
the sole means of access for 2-5 years old
Guardrail designed to
Prevent an inadvertent fall through an opening.
A barrier is designed
to prevent access and egress through an opening
Guardrails required at what height
20” high for 2-5 years
30” high for 5-12
Guard rail top surface height
Greater or equal to 29” for ages 2-5
Greater or equal to 38” for ages 5-12
Lower edge of guard rail
Less than or equal to 23” for ages 2-5
Less than or equal to 28” for ages 5-12
Maximum Opening without a top Guardrail is ?
15”
Ages 2-5 years guard rail and barrier requirements
> 20” Guardrails required
> 30” Barriers Required
Ages 5-12 years guard rail and barrier requirements
> 30” Guardrails Required
> 48” Barriers Required
Wheelchair Accessible ramps must .
Must have additional handrail at 26-28”
Guardrail must come within 1” of surface or have a 2” raised curb
( prevent wheel from rolling off platform
3-d net climbers dimensions
No clean opening between flexible members with vertical dimension greater thank 72”
Diameter of opening
2-5 18”
5-12 20”
Horizontal ladder recomendations
≥9 “ for all ages
≤12” ages 2-4 Must be level and evenly spaced
≤15” ages 5-12
Rungs must not rotate
Horizontal ladder maximum height
60” for ages 2-5
84” for ages 5-12
54” for wheelchair users
Horizontal ladder access to first handhold must be ?
8-12” from access rung to keep kids from hitting their heads
When access is by platform the first handhold must be 0-10” from leading edge of platform.
Sliding poles Not recommended for
2-5 years
Slide entry area must have means to channel the user into a
Seated position
( tube, hood or bar)
Slide Chute Dimensions
Sidewalls ≥ 4” high
Bed width ≥ 12” for ages 2-5
Bed width ≥ 16” for ages 5-12
reduced gradient exit minimum of 11”
slid exit region 0-10 degrees to encourage drainage
slide Chutes must not have average slope to exceed?
Slide max slope shall not exceed what?
30 degrees
Max slope shall not exceed 50 degrees
slides with entrance height ≤48” exit not higher than 11”
Slides with entrance > 48” exit between 7-15”
non- entanglement zone of slide
No projections that fit inside a projection gauged are accepted
No projections that extend from the surface >.12”
Slide Clearance Zone
21” on each side
60” above slide chute
Does not extend below top of sidewalls
Spiral Slide Overhead clearance zone
27” for 2-5 year old
34” 5-12 year old
21” clearance on outside of spiral slide
60” overhead does not apply
vertical rotating equipment that rotates >45 ° from horizontal
Must have hand supports
concave or tub-like sitting area
rotating equipment > 20” must be approximately circular
minimize likely of hazardous impact
Min and Max radii not more than 2”
Rotating equipment ≤ 20” may be non-circular
rotating equipment clearance between equipment and surface
2.38- 3.50” or >9”
Rotating equipment clearance zone
72”
Must also have 21” area free of rigid and non-components
horizontal rotating equipment ( log roll) must have
Must have handrails
Hand gripping components .95-1.55”
Max 18” height of log above surface
Not recommended for under 5 year old
fulcrum seesaw max height and angle
Max seat height 60”
25° max angle above horizontal
Handholds cannot project and may not twist or rotate
Stepping forms dimensions
Must have 10” min diameter
2-5year-olds ≤ 20”
5-12 year-old ≤ 30” unless hand support is provided
stepping form hand support height
must be 22-38” above stepping surface
Distance between stepping forms
≤12” 2-5 year-old
≤18” 5-12 year-old
stepping form must be stationary for
2-5 year-olds
and 5-12 year-olds that are greater than 30” above surface
trolley and track rides special safety considerations
64” min clearance zone
78” max when along a rigid path of travel
96” max when along a flexible path of travel
an enclosed track is exempt from?
crush and shear
trolley rides take off and landing platforms
< 36”
end stops must absorb energy
Roof to play structure must be
< 84” and not have any designated play surface.
Head Injury Criterion (HIC)shall not exceed?
1000 HIC
G-Max shall not exceed?
200 G
Critical Height of protective surface must equal or exceed the ?
Fall height
Astm F-1292
Done in a lab
Uses instrumented head form
uses 3 diff temp 25 °, 72 °, 120 °
ASTM F-3313
Done in field
identify fall heights, verify critical heights
Locate 3 most adverse surface types
Perform 3 drops at each spot
Fall height of to-fro Swing
Height of the highest pivot point to the protective surface
Fall height of slide
Height of transition platform to the protective surface
Fall height of embankment slide
Fall height in exit zone shall be 40” minimum, and have a critical height ≥ 48”
Fall Height of Sliding poles
60” below the highest part of the pole to the protective surface
Exceptions to protective surfacing requirements
Musical Instruments
Play Houses
Sand Boxes
Sand Digger
Activity wall ( tic tac toe)
Speaking tubes
materials not acceptable for use as protective surfacing
Packed earth
Grass
Asphalt
Concrete
insufficient use zones are a leading cause of injury
Stationary Equipment Use Zone Rules
1 nothing can be closer than 72” from any play structure that requires a use zone
( if both structures are ≤ 30: they can
share" )
( if either structure is ≥ 30" high they
may partially overlap to 108")
the 6 situations that may not have overlapped use zones
- motion area of vertical rotating equipment with Radius > 20”
- Motion areas of overhead suspended vertical rotating equipment may not overlap
3.Motion areas of swings - Standing rocking equipment
- exit use zone of slides
- seated-type trolley ride clearance zones
Accessible routes within the playground must
Meet DOJ 2010 ADA standard for accessible design
Must meet ASTM F-1292 ( impact attenuation criteria)
Must Meet ASTM F-1951( wheelchair maneuverability)
priority one hazard
Death
Permanent paralysis
loss of limb
organ destruction
brain damage
loss of vision
loss of speech
Ranking Hazard ( 1st possibility)
Could a child come into contact with the hazard?
Age of user at risk ?
In a heavily used area?
Could it become worse?
Ranking Hazard ( 2nd probability)
Will an Injury Occur?
Ranking Hazard ( 3rd Consequences)
How serious would the injury be?
HIRA
Hazard identification and Risk Assessment.
( for non-traditional play equipment that is not addressed in ASTM F1487)
5 steps to manage risk
- formalize your safety commitment
- Appoint leadership
- Manage records and documentation
- Perform a comprehensive compliance inspection ( Audit)
- Perform regular inspections and maintenance
Safety Coordinators Duties include:
- Carry out and communicate the owners standard of care
- Identify , assess and assign playground-related task and responsibilities.
- Maintain continually changing playground environments.
4.Verify that inspections and Maintenance are completed regularly and appropriately
- Educate and involve owners, operators, board members, staff and playground users in playground safety
General playground file should contain
Playground policy statement
Staff Training documentation
DOJ 2010 ADA accessibility standards
CPSC handbooks 1981-2010
ASTM standards 1993-2021
Site history file should contain:
manufacturers documents
Contacts, warranties, Maint repair
instructions, parts list et.
Documents developed in -house
Site plans, drawings, playground audits
etc.
Purpose of Regular inspections
Maintain the standard of Care. Identify new safety-related concerns resulting from changes in playground environment due to wear, vandalism, breakage, storm damage, litter or other environmental concerns.
Factors impacting inspection frequency
Use Factor ( extent of use, age or user,
vandalism pattern, accident
patterns)
Environmental factors ( drainage and soil
conditions, location proximity to
vehicular traffic, local climate and
natural amenities)
Equipment and Surfacing factors ( Type of
equip, age of equip, design of equip
static or moving, type of materials
used
What if an accident is reported
A CPSI should investigate
Contact your risk manager
secure the area
take corrective action
take pictures of scene ASAP
save broken pieces
Don’t admit fault or guilt
Don’t let fear of liability keep you from taking necessary corrective actions to prevent a recurrence.
