2022 - IRPG Flashcards
What are the 3 components of the fire triangle?
Oxygen, heat, and fuel
What is the difference between direct and indirect attack?
Direct attack is applied directly to the burning edge of the fire. Indirect attack is applied to unburned fuels in the fire’s path.
What is a fire shelter?
A personal protective device designed to reflect radiant heat and trap breathable air.
What is the Incident Command System (ICS)?
A standardized approach to incident management that provides a common hierarchy and structure.
What are the 10 Standard Firefighting Orders?
- Keep informed on fire weather conditions and forecasts.
- Know what your fire is doing at all times.
- Base all actions on current and expected behavior of the fire.
- Identify escape routes and safety zones, and make them known.
- Post lookouts when there is possible danger.
- Be alert. Keep calm. Think clearly. Act decisively.
- Maintain prompt communications with your forces, your supervisor, and adjoining forces.
- Give clear instructions and be sure they are understood.
- Maintain control of your forces at all times.
- Fight fire aggressively, having provided for safety first.
What are the 18 Watch Out Situations?
- Fire not scouted and sized up.
- In country not seen in daylight.
- Safety zones and escape routes not identified.
- Unfamiliar with weather and local factors influencing fire behavior.
- Uninformed on strategy, tactics, and hazards.
- Instructions and assignments not clear.
- No communication link with crewmembers or supervisor.
- Constructing line without safe anchor point.
- Building fireline downhill with fire below.
- Attempting frontal assault on fire.
- Unburned fuel between you and fire.
- Cannot see main fire, not in contact with someone who can.
- On a hillside where rolling material can ignite fuel below.
- Weather becoming hotter and drier.
- Wind increases and/or changes direction.
- Getting frequent spot fires across line.
- Terrain and fuels make escape to safety zones difficult.
- Taking a nap near fireline.
What is the difference between flaming and smoldering combustion?
Flaming combustion involves rapid oxidation and flames, while smoldering combustion is slower and flameless
How does fuel moisture affect fire behavior?
Drier fuels ignite and burn more easily
What are the three methods of heat transfer?
Conduction, convection, and radiation.
How does wind influence fire spread?
Wind increases oxygen supply and carries embers, accelerating fire spread.
What is the difference between a head fire and a backing fire?
A head fire moves with the wind, while a backing fire moves against the wind.
What are the three stages of fire development?
Preignition, combustion, and extinction.
What is a firebrand?
A piece of burning material carried by the wind or convection
How does topography affect fire behavior?
Fires spread faster uphill and can create updrafts
What is the difference between fuel continuity and fuel loading?
Fuel continuity refers to the distribution of fuels, while fuel loading refers to the amount of fuel present.
What is the primary objective of fire suppression?
To extinguish the fire safely and efficiently.
What is the difference between direct and indirect attack?
Direct attack involves fighting the fire directly at its edge, while indirect attack involves creating a fireline ahead of the fire.
What is a fireline?
A cleared area intended to stop fire spread.
What is cold trailing?
Feeling for heat along a fireline to ensure it is extinguished.
What is a safety zone?
An area where firefighters can survive without a fire shelter.
What is the purpose of a fire shelter?
To provide a last-resort refuge from intense heat
What is LCES?
Lookout, Communication, Escape Routes, Safety Zones
What is the difference between a burnout and a backfire?
A burnout removes fuel between the fireline and the fire, while a backfire creates a controlled fire to burn towards the main fire.
What is a fire whirl?
A spinning column of fire