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ITE > 2022 Fall ITE > Flashcards

2022 Fall ITE Flashcards

1
Q

3 Risk factors for thrombosis

A
  1. endothelial injury
  2. hypercoagulability
  3. stasis
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2
Q

4 possible fates of thrombus

A
  1. propagation
  2. embolization
  3. dissolution
  4. organization
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3
Q

3 steps in acute inflammation

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Increase permeability
  3. Emigration of leukocytes
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4
Q

3 features of chronic inflammation

A
  1. Mononuclear cells
  2. Tissue destruction
  3. Attempts at healing
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5
Q

Non-infectious causes of granulomatous inflammation

A

Sarcoidosis
Foreign body reaction
Inflammatory bowel disease
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

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6
Q

Molecular subgroups of endometrial carcinoma

A

POLE ultramutated
microsatellite instability hypermutated
copy number low
copy number high

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7
Q

Histologic subtypes of endometrial carcinoma

A
  1. Endometrioid carcinoma
  2. Serous carcinoma
  3. Clear cell carcinoma
  4. Carcinosarcoma
  5. Mixed carcinoma
  6. Undifferentiated
  7. Dedifferentiated
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8
Q

Precursor lesions of endometrial carcinoma

A
  1. Endometrial hyperplasia without atypia
  2. Endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN)
  3. Serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (SEIC)
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9
Q

Molecular alterations in low grade and high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma

A

LG-ESS - JAZF1-SUZ12
HG-ESS - YWHAE and BCOR fusions

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10
Q

Subtypes of aggressive oral SCC

A
  1. acantholytic
  2. adenosquamous
  3. spindle cell SCC
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11
Q

Risk factors for oral SCC

A
  1. HPV, particularly HPV-16
  2. Smoked tobacco
  3. Alcohol
  4. Betel quid
  5. Radiation
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12
Q

Risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A
  1. EBV
  2. Alcohol
  3. Smoking
  4. Salted fermented foods
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13
Q

4 types of blunt force injury

A
  1. Abrasion
  2. Laceration
  3. Avulsion
  4. Bruise
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14
Q

Entrance wound gunshot signs

A
  1. Round
  2. Regular
  3. May have stippling
  4. May have soot
  5. May have internal beveling
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15
Q

Signs of child abuse

A
  1. Different ages of lesions
  2. Delay in seeking medical help
  3. Vague explanations from parents
  4. Lesions in unusual sites for accidents
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16
Q

Amsterdam criteria for HNPCC screening

A
  1. ≥ relatives with HNPCC-associated Ca (CRC, SB endometrial, urothelial)
  2. CRC ≥2 successive generations
  3. 1 FDR to other two
  4. 1 Ca diagnosis <50 years
17
Q

Tumors in tuberous sclerosis

A

PEComas (LAM)
Cortical tubers
Cardiac rhabdomyoma
Angiofibroma
Connective tissue nevi (shagreen patches)
Eosinophilic solid and cystic RCC

18
Q

Features of VHL

A

Clear cell RCC
Kidney, liver, and pancreas cysts
Hemangioblastoma (retina, cerebellum)
Pheochromocytoma
Pancreatic NET
Papillary cystadenoma of epididymis
Endolymphatic sac tumor of the ear

19
Q

Molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma

A

Luminal A - + ER, ≥20% PR, <14% Ki-67, Grade 1 or 2
Luminal B - + ER, <20% PR, Ki67 ≥ 14%, Grade 3
HER-2 enriched - HER2+, Grade 3
Basal - Grade 3, triple negative

20
Q

Pre-analytic recommendations for breast biomarker testing from ASCO/CAP

A
  1. 10% formalin 6-72 hours
  2. Sliced at 5 mm intervals
  3. Record cold ischemia time, fixative type, and time sample placed in formalin
  4. Use of unstained slides cut > 6 weeks before analysis is NOT RECOMMENDED.
21
Q

Causes of intrinsic urethral obstruction

A
  1. Calculi
  2. Strictures
  3. Tumors
  4. Blood clots
  5. Neurogenic
22
Q

Causes of extrinsic urethral obstruction

A
  1. Pregnancy
  2. Periureteral inflammation
  3. Tumors
  4. Endometriosis
23
Q

Gene mutation in low grade urothelial carcinoma

A

FGFR3
RAS

24
Q

Gene mutation in high grade urothelial carcinoma

A

p53, Rb

25
Q

Common chromosomal aberration in urothelial carcinoma

A

Chromosome 9p deletion

26
Q

Indications for radical cystectomy

A
  1. muscle invasive bladder carcinoma
  2. CIS or high-grade papillary cancer refractory to BCG and other intravesical therapies
  3. CIS extending into prostatic urethra and ducts, where instilled BCG does not come into contact with neoplastic cells
  4. multifocal lesions too large and extensive to completely eradicate by transurethral resection
  5. aggressive variant, micropapillary
27
Q

Stages of mycosis fungoides

A

patch, plaque, tumor

28
Q

Markers in mycosis fungoides

A

CD2+ CD3+ TCR beta + CD5+ CD4+ CD8-
CD7 dim/partially lost
Loss of pan T cell antigen
Demonstration of clonal TCR gene rearrangements

29
Q

Describe histology of epidermal cyst

A

Cyst lined by stratified squamous epithelium filled with flaky keratin plaque

30
Q

Differentiate dermoid from epidermal cyst

A

Dermoid cyst wall has adnexal tissue (hair follicle and sebaceous glands)

31
Q

How does pilar/trichilemmal cyst differ histologically from epidermal cyst?

A

Pilar cyst has densely packed eosinophilic keration (wet keratin)

32
Q

“Vanishing” cancer reasons

A
  1. False positive biopsy
  2. Specimen mix-up
  3. Floater on cell block
  4. Cancer in remaining blocks: levels, re-embed, flip blocks
  5. Cancer lost by trimming blocks
  6. Therapeutic biopsy
  7. Cancer altered by neoadjuvant treatment effects, inflammation
33
Q

QA monitors in gynecologic cytology

A
  1. Interpretive rates of all TBS diagnostic categories
  2. ASC rate
  3. ASC:SIL ratio
  4. Positivity rate of hrHPV in ASC-US cases
  5. Cytotechnologist-pathologist discrepancy logs
  6. Cyto-histologic correlation
  7. Monitoring of screening performance or sensitivity (prospective rescreening, retrospective rescreening)
34
Q

Critical values in GYN/NON-GYN cytology

A
  1. Any unusual or unexpected cytology result
  2. Involving a critical site (e.g. causing SVC syndrome or paralysis)
  3. Pathogenic organisms in an immunosuppressed patient or in any orbital or CSF sample
  4. Identification of HSV changes in cervical/vaginal sample of near-term pregnant patient
  5. Any corrected report, where the diagnosis if significantly changed and will result in different patient management
35
Q

2 causes of genetic hypercoagulability

A

Antithrombin III deficiency
Protein C deficiency
Protein S deficiency

36
Q

2 most common causes of fat and marrow emboli

A

Hip fracture
Orthopedic trauma
CPR

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