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Vet Derm > 2021 > Flashcards

2021 Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Kobayashi and Imanishi (2021); epithelial cells produce alarmins such as _____ and interleukins ___ and ___ all of which activate group __ ILCs.

A

TSLP
IL-33 and IL-25
activate group 2 ILCs (ILC2)

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2
Q

Kobayashi and Imanishi (2021); group 2 ILCs produce type 2 cytokines such as _____ and _____, boosting type 2 immune reactions.

A

IL-5
IL-13

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3
Q

Kobayashi and Imanishi (2021); positioning of ILCs in epidermis is ____-dependent, and the maintenance requires ____ and _____, which are produced by epithelial cells.

A

CCR6-dependent
IL-7
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)

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4
Q

Kobayashi and Imanishi (2021); in people with AD, does Staph colonisation positively correlate with disease severity?

A

Yes - suggesting the active involvement of Staphylococcus spp. during flares

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5
Q

Kobayashi and Imanishi (2021); in atopic dogs, sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed decreased bacterial diversity and increased proportions of Staphylococcus, particularly S. pseudintermedius and which other bacteria compared with healthy control dogs?

A

Corynebacterium spp.

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6
Q

Kobayashi and Imanishi (2021); in atopic dogs, antibacterials restore bacterial diversity with decreased proportions of Staphylococcus spp. - does this reduce the severity of inflammation?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Kobayashi and Imanishi (2021); how is skin pH affected in people with AD?

A

Filaggrin breakdown products, which act as natural moisturizing factors (NMFs), are important for stratum corneum hydration and the maintenance of the skin surface pH. Acidic conditions modulated by NMFs disfavour S. aureus growth. The skin of patients with AD tends to be alkaline, which favours S. aureus colonisation, (pH shifts can be facilitated in part, by FLG-deficiency).

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8
Q

Kobayashi and Imanishi (2021); how does the Th2 response in AD confer susceptibility to Staphylococcal colonisation?

A

Type 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) that are overexpressed in AD skin downregulate the expression of FLG and antimicrobial peptides in keratinocyte

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9
Q

Kobayashi and Imanishi (2021); what do the kallikrein family proteases control?

A

Desquamation of the epidermis

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10
Q

Marsella (2021); which cells produce thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), interleukin (IL)-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)?

A

Keratinocytes

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11
Q

Marsella (2021); alternations of which lipids have been widely described in dogs with AD?

A

Free fatty acids and ceramides

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12
Q

Marsella (2021); the TEER of a monolayer made of canine keratinocytes from an atopic dog is lower than that of a normal individual, suggesting an increased permeability for the atopic monolayer. What is TEER?

A

Tans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) - commonly used as an in vitro assessment of epithelial permeability

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13
Q

Marsella (2021); which tight junction proteins may be abnormal in atopic dogs?

A
  • Decreased claudin 1 expression has been reported in samples from atopic dog skin (non-lesional skin)
  • Decreased intensity of staining for ZO-1 on immunohistochemical analysis also has been reported in atopic dogs

The issues in atopic keratinocytes may not be something that can simply be proven by changes in quantity, and rather by their irregular and discontinuous expression patterns

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14
Q

Marsella (2021); longitudinal studies in dogs with cAD showed that antipruritic treatments restored which aspects of barrier function?

A

Biodiversity and normalized skin barrier parameters such as TEWL and pH, demonstrating the inter-relationship between the skin barrier and microbiome

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15
Q

Marsella (2021); allergen challenge in previously sensitized dogs leads to dysbiosis with increased amounts of which bacteria?

A

S. pseudintermedius

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16
Q

Marsella (2021); true or false, topical antimicrobial therapy has been reported to increase biodiversity on the skin in atopic dogs

A

True

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17
Q

Marsella (2021); a cell wall component of Staphylococcus can induce transcription of TSLP via TLR2 in which cells?

A

Keratinocytes - this could be a link to explain Th2 responses precipitated by Staphylococcus

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18
Q

Marsella (2021); true or false - Treg cells are significantly increased in atopic dogs compared to normal and correlate with disease severity

A

True

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19
Q

Marsella (2021); keratinocytes express the receptor for IL-31 - this cytokine can have what effects on keratinocytes?

A

Suppress differentiation markers such as filaggrin and cornified cell envelope formation

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20
Q

Deng et al. (2021); what are transcription factors?

A

Transcription factors bind to a specific DNA sequence and facilitate or block the recruitment of RNA polymerase to their target genes.

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21
Q

Deng et al. (2021); the grainyhead-like (GRHL) family of transcription factors are important for which part of the skin?

A

Acquisition of the skin barrier

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22
Q

Deng et al. (2021); The EDC includes genes encoding what?

A

Filaggrin, involucrin, loricrin, trichohyalin, cornulin, repetin, hornulin, and multiple genes encoding each of the small proline-rich proteins (SPRRs), late cornified envelope proteins and calcium-binding S100 proteins

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23
Q

Deng et al. (2021); GRHL__ is essential for formation of the skin barrier during embryonic development, whereas GRHL__ maintains the skin barrier postnatally

A

GRHL3 - embryonic
GRHL1 - postnatally

24
Q

Deng et al. (2021); In addition to its barrier function, GRHL3 plays key roles in wound repair and as an ____________________

A

Epidermal tumour suppressor

25
Q

Deng et al. (2021); In squamous epithelium, GRHL3 regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation, and its loss induces _____________

A

SCC

26
Q

Deng et al. (2021); The keratin cytoskeletal component provides mechanical strength to the skin and comprises up to __% of the mature corneocyte.

A

85%

27
Q

Deng et al. (2021); Type I keratins have an ____ isoelectric point, while type II keratins have a neutral isoelectric point.

A

Type I keratins are acidic

28
Q

Deng et al. (2021); The stratum basale is characterised by expression of Krt14 (type I) and Krt5 (type 2). The stratum spinosum is characterised by expression of Krt10 (type 1) and Krt2 (type 2). Krt __ and Krt__ are expressed suprabasally during wound healing or in hyperproliferative skin diseases

A

KRT6 and KRT16

29
Q

Deng et al. (2021); __________ is the major constituent of keratohyalin granules

A

Profilaggrin

30
Q

Deng et al. (2021); FLG aggregates ______________ into bundles and the resulting matrix is cross-linked to form a major component of the cornified envelope.

A

Keratin filaments

31
Q

Deng et al. (2021); Tight junctions form a component of the epidermal permeability barrier and are located in the _________

A

Stratum granulosum

32
Q

Deng et al. (2021); _____ proteins form a key component of tight junctions

A

Claudin

33
Q

Deng et al. (2021); ______ is an integral membrane component of tight junction but is not required for skin barrier formation; it functions in cytokine-induced regulation of the paracellular permeability barrier

A

Occludin

34
Q

Deng et al. (2021); The cornified envelope of the corneocyte is a 15 nm-thick layer of _______, _______ and _______ that replaces the plasma membrane

A

Keratin fibers, cross-linked proteins and ceramides

35
Q

Deng et al. (2021); Cornified envelope assembly is triggered by a rise of intracellular ___ concentration in the ___

A

Ca
Stratum granulosum

36
Q

Deng et al. (2021); Transglutaminases (TGMs) covalently cross-link _______, ________ and ________ on the inner surface of the keratinocyte plasma membrane

A

Involucrin, envoplakin and periplakin

37
Q

Deng et al. (2021); Lamellar bodies fuse with the plasma membrane, in a process similar to exocytosis, to release ____________ into the extracellular milieu at the uppermost SG layer

A

Glycophospholipids

38
Q

Deng et al. (2021); The highly ordered structure of stacked, densely packed _____ _____acts as the main penetration pathway for ________ of substances through the skin and contributes to the water impermeability of the skin barrier

A

Lipid layers
Diffusion

39
Q

Deng et al. (2021); Where is TGM1 found?

A

TGM1 is anchored to the plasma membrane

40
Q

Deng et al. (2021); Have desmoglein mutations been reported in domestic animals?

A

Yes - Frameshift mutation in DSG1 identified in a Rottweiler with severe footpad hyperkeratosis

41
Q

Deng et al. (2021); Mammalian GRHL3 is a key driver of skin barrier formation via ____

A

TGM1

42
Q

Deng et al. (2021); GRHL1 transactivates Dsg1 and is important for what?

A

Desmosome expression and hair shaft anchorage in the skin

43
Q

Marti et al. (2021); Culicoides hypersensitivity in horses is characterised histologically by mixed perivascular to diffuse cellular infiltrates of which cells?

A

Mononuclear cells and eosinophils

44
Q

Marti et al. (2021); Culicoides hypersensitivity in horses is caused by helper T cell (Th)__, immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated reactions to antigens present in the saliva of biting Culicoides midges

A

Th2

45
Q

Marti et al. (2021); Beside the Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, recent studies have shown the involvement of which other cytokines in the pathogenesis of Culicoides hypersensitivity in horses?

A

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-5 and IL-31

46
Q

Marti et al. (2021); How has the importance of IL-5 and IL-31 in equine Culicoides hypersenstivity been confirmed?

A

The importance of IL-5and IL-31 has been confirmed through targeting these cytokines by active immunisation of CH patients, resulting in a significant decrease of CH lesion scores

47
Q

Marti et al. (2021); How many Culicoides salivary allergens have been described over the last 10 years and produced as pure recombinant (r-) proteins?

A

30

48
Q

Marti et al. (2021); Small amounts of r-Culicoides allergens injected into the submandibular lymph nodes with ____ and _____ as adjuvants seem to induce a suitable immune response for both preventive and therapeutic AIT

A

Alum and the TLR-4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid-A (MPLA)

49
Q

Marti et al. (2021); CH management: Horses vaccinated with equine IL-5 produced in Escherichia coli and linked to a ______________ in order to circumvent the immune system, which would usually not make an antibody response against a self-protein

A

Virus-like particle (VLP)

VLPs are strongly immunogenic because of their characteristic features

50
Q

Marti et al. (2021); Does IL-5 vaccination in horses with CH influence the degree of infection with endoparasites?

A

No

51
Q

Marti et al. (2021); What are considered the most relevant antigens of Culicoides?

A

C. obsoletus
Cul o 1P, 2P, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

52
Q

Marti et al. (2021); Comparison of the transcriptome of lesional CH skin in horses to healthy skin also showed that along with an upregulation of many Th-2 transcripts, Th-__and Th-__ sig-natures also are upregulated in CH

A

Th-1 and Th-22

53
Q

Squires (2021); what are bacteriophages?

A

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and kill bacteria. Phage particles are ubiquitous and diverse and the most numerous biological entities on Earth

54
Q

Squires (2021); Do most of the phages used in therapy have a double-stranded DNA or RNA genome?

A

Double-stranded DNA

55
Q

Squires (2021); what does this image show?

A
56
Q

Squires (2021); what does this image show?

A

Numerous bacteriophage particles attached to the surface of a bacterial coccus

57
Q

Willems and Sinclair (2021); have JAK inhibitors been used to treat alopecia areata in people?

A

Yes - hair regrowth in 67-75% of patients with oral use; topical use being studied

Vet Derm (1 decks)

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