2020 Flashcards
What is health
Relates too:
- Mental
- Social
- Physical
- Emotional
- Spiritual
Dimension of health
Physical Health: Appearance, aerobic fitness, strength
Emotional health: Ability to express emotions clearly
Mental Health: Ability to cope with life’s challenges
Social Health: Relationships with others
Spiritual Health: A belief or acknowledgement in a higher being on purpose
Dynamic nature of Health
Dynamic = constantly changing
1) Health fluctuates constantly
2) Health affected by:
- Social interaction
- Mental health
- Physical activity
- Diet
Relative nature of health
- Health means different things to us at different times in our life
- Health means different things depending on our current situation
- Health means different things to different people
- Its relative to our beliefs, values, customs and preconceived ideas.
Relative nature of health is quite “subjective”. Individuals will place different levels of value on different dimensions.
Perception of Health
Perceptions refers to ‘how we view’
Highly subjective, as it is our “feelings”
How we judge our own health may be completed different to the what a health professional might view it
My health – influenced by…
1) Friends
2) Media
3) Age/gender
4) Environment
5) Level of importance we place on health
6) Beliefs/values
7) Past level of health
8) Parents
How government get information of health
gets information on our level of health from a range of statistics. E.g. Doctor visits, hospital admissions
Main statistics
Mortality rates = number of deaths from 1 cause – Cancer, CBD, Injuries
Morbidity Rates = What leads to the cause occurring – Obesity, Diabetes
Life Expectancy
Health as a social Construct
Our views of health are largely influenced by the social, economic and cultural condition sthat surround us (i.e. the condition in which we live)
When we form our view of health it is influenced by:
- Gender
- Socio-economic status
- Culture + Beliefs
- Gender
- Community values
- Age
- Geographical location
Socio-Economic Status
Income – how much you earn
Employment – occupation
Education – level of education: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Low Social economic status
- More likely to drink to harmful levels
- More likely to smoke cigarettes
- More likely to take health risks
Less likely to make use of preventative health measures
- Generally have a low level of emotion health as they report feelings of: loss of control, increased stressed, decreased self esteem
3 types of Geographic Location
Split in three
1) Urban (Newcastle)
2) Local (Terranora)
3) Remote (Cobar)
- Health challenges exist in all areas but are more pronounces in remote areas.
- Remote = Extreme environmental conditions
= Reduced access to Doctors/Specialists/Health facilities
Impact of Media
Media = includes internet, tv newspaper, magazines
Media: Negative Misleading information Can distort/alter our focus Issues can be ignored
Positive
Raise awareness quickly
Create increased support for health issues
Promote healthy behaviours
Impact of Peers
Peers = group we associate with in and out of school
= has a significant effect on our behaviours and attitudes towards health
Negative
Increased risk taking
Increased bad behaviours
Increased social pressure around alcohol, drugs, sexual activity
Positive
Groups that share similar health ideas make it easier to achieve health. e.g. gym, exercise
Good support network
Impact of Family
Positive Influences attitudes towards - Healthy eating - activity - mental health - drug use/alcohol
Negative
- Low SES leads to poor diet and alcohol consumption etc.
- conflict can hurt mental health
Health of young people
- Overall its at a good level
- reduced rates of smoking, drinking
- Literacy, numeracy is generally improving
- Death rates have fallen for injuries
Recommended/statistics
- 60 minutes exercise/day
- 5.5 serves of veg and 2 serves of fruit per day
- 19-25 is healthy BMI
- 94% of young people have never smoked (2016)
- traffic deaths for young people decreasing but still number 1 killer
Risk Behaviour
An behaviour that is likely to lead to a poor health outcome - diet, sexual activity, alcohol, physical activity
Protective Behaviour
Any behaviour that will enhance our level of health
Determinants of Health
Socio cultural
Environmental
Socio-Economic
Individual
Socio cultural
Family peers media religion culture
Environmental
Location
Access to technology and health services
Socio Economic
Income
Employment
Education
Individual
Knowledge
skill
attitudes
genetics
Control over individuals health
Modifiable = physical activity, Diet, Attitudes towards
- diet
- alcohol
- speeding
- risk taking
- smoking
Non modifiable = Genetics, age, gender, environment
Principles of social Justice
Equity = Achieve equality in outcome, not in the method to achieve it.
- teaching patients how to administer own needles
Diversity = diversity in health promotion means the valuing of people for who they are and ensuring health promotion meets their needs and is delivered appropriately
- Program which are culturally appropriate
Supportive environments = it creates supportive environments to promote health
- building community health
- screening and prevention
- aboriginal flag to encourage cultural diversity
The Ottawa Charter
Aim to achieve ‘good’ health for all
- document developed in Ottawa, Canada in 1986
DRS BC Action areas of the Ottawa Charter 1) Develop personal skills 2) Create supportive environments 3) Strengthen community action 4) Reorient health services 5) Build healthy public policy
Develop Personal Skills
- Develop the skills of individual by providing information to increase their knowledge
- This “empower the individual” to take greater control of their knowledge
- Providing information in a variety of languages and formats is essential
Create supportive environments
- People taking care of each other, their communities and their environment
- Once we have initiated a behaviour change in an individual this needs to be supported to ensure it is continued
- It involves providing, structure, systems and resources to facilitate behaviour changes
Strengthen Community Action
- Getting communities involved in the process of identifying, planning and implementing health improvement plans
- Communities that take ownership of their health concerns or of their health concerns of of their health promotion campaigns are more likely to experience success in reducing the effect of it.
Reorient Health Services
- Encourage PREVENTION not CURE
Build Healthy public policy
- Health promotion that is locked up by legislation that forces/encourages healthy choices/behaviours
- This is a critical final stage of health promotion as it seeks to support health promotion initiatives
- Government oversee the long term planning of health promotion. Eg Australians tobacco campaign - quit now
State = charged with implementation of state laws and oversea various health initiatives set out by the federal and state government
Local Government = Charged with the implementation of many state laws and oversea various health initiatives set out by the federal and state government
International Organisation = Include the world health organisation (W.H.O) and Unicef. W.H.O set ideal standards of health that countries strive for achieve or work towards
Health promotion Approaches
1) Individual/Behavioural Approach
lifestyle: if the individual is given relevant information about health lifestyles then they will be able to live a healthier life.
2) Preventative Medical Approach
- This health approach focuses on the idea of “preventing the health problem/issue from occurring or limiting its impact
- can involves the use of drugs, immunisation
3) Public health approach
- seeks to change some of the ‘social determinants’ associated with being healthy
low education fees, parent involvement in school/clubs, welfare program
Modifiable Health Determinants
We have control over or can change
- Diet, level of physical activity and whether we partake in risky activities. smoking, drinking etc
Our willingness to change depends on
- our ability to source information
- the level of control we feel we feel we have
- the level of skill we have
Non-Modifiable Health Determinants
- Refers to factors that we cannot change
- An individuals predisposition to certain diseases
- we cannot change our genes, advancing age and gender
- Environment (to a lesser extent) is also classified as non modifiable due to economic forces like cast of land, location or industry and location of cheaper housing.
Who is responsible of Health Promotion
1) Government - Federal, state, government
2) Non-government organisation
3) Community groups and schools
4) International organisations - W.H.O, Unicef
5) Individuals
Function of the skeletal system
1) support for the body, give shape
2) Protect vital organs and soft tissue
3) Assist in movement by providing attachment for muscles
4) Storage of essential minerals: calcium and phospherus
Types of bone
Long and short = generally act as levers to or transfer forces
Flat = Provide protection for vital organs
Parts of bone
1) Articular cartilage = softer but hard wearing covering
at the end of bones where the joints exist. prevents
bones rubbing on each other and allows them to
move freely
2) Compact bone = hard outer casing of the bone.
3) Cancellous bone = spongy bone, light but strong.
Contains blood vessels, fat and blood forming tissue
4) Bone marrow = fill the centre cavity of the bone,
contains blood vessels, fat and blood forming tissue
Anatomical terms
Superior = towards the head Inferior = towards the feet
Anterior = towards the front Posterior = towards the back
Medial = towards the middle lateral = towards the side of the body
Proximal = towards the bodies mass Distal = away from the bodies mass
Bone Joints
1) fibrous (immoveable) = a joint where no movement is possible
- skull
2) Cartilaginous (slightly moveable) = a joint that permits limited movement
- vertebral column
3) Synovial (freely moveable) = joints that allow maximum movement. most common types
- shoulder
Structure of a synovial joint
Ligaments (bone to bone) = fibrous, tough bonds that join bone to bone, they provide joint stability by limiting excessive movement.
Tendons (muscle to bone) = a tough, inelastic cards that join muscle to bone, also provide stability as some tendons stretch across joints and assist ligaments to hold joint closed.
Synovial fluid = acts as lubricant for joint. forms a fluid cushion for the joint and provides nutrients for the cartilage.
Hyaline Cartilage = essentially the padding at the end of the bones where they ‘articulate’. Has limited blood supply so relies on nourishment from the synovial fluid
Joint actions
Flexion
Extension
Abduction: movement away from body line
adduction: movement towards the midline
Circumduction: movement at the end of a bone in a circular motion
rotation: movement of the body part around a central access
Pronation: Rotation of hand so the thumb moves in towards the body
Supernation: Rotation of hand so the thumb moves outward
Eversion: Face the sole of the foot outwards - twist ankle out
Inversion: Face the sole of foot inwards - twist ankle in
Dorsi flexion: decrease joint angle at the ankle and foot
Planter flexion: increase joint angle at ankle and foot
Elevation: movement of shoulders towards head - shrugging shoulders
Depression: movement of shoulders away from head - return shoulders to normal position
Types of Joints
1) Ball and socket (shoulder joint)
2) Hinge joint (elbow joint)
3) Condyloid/ellipsoid (wrist joint)
4) Gliding/sliding (bones in wrist/ankles)
5) Pivot (neck, allows head to twist)
6) Saddle (thumb joint)
Muscle Relationships
Agonist
Antagonist
Stabiliser: assists with the movement by giving the muscles a fixed base.
Types of Muscle Contractions
Concentric - muscle contracts to produce movement
Eccentric - muscle relaxes to produce movement
Isometric - muscle contracts and the size of the muscle remains unchanged
Isotonic - muscle shortens to produce movement (concentric and eccentric)
The respiratory system
The process of drawing oxygen into our body and removing carbon dioxide from inside our body is called respiration
nasal cavity mouth Pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli
Diaphragm
Inspiration
The diaphragm contracts (flattens) as the intercostal muscles move upwards and outwards
Expiration
the diaphragm relaxes (bends upwards) as intercostal muscles lower the rib cage.
Gas Exchange
- blood vessels offload Carbon dioxide into the alveoli whilst Oxygen replaces it.
- The difference in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels is called the ‘concentration gradient’
- The oxygen binds itself with the haemoglobin and at the same time carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood stream.
Effect of physical activity on respiration
Lung capacity increases = volume of air in the lungs at different stages of the respiratory cycle - male 6L female 4.5L
vital capacity = the volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation
Tidal volume = Normal resting breathing. total amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath
Residual volume = volume of air left over after maximal expiration
Blood
1) transport oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove waste products and carbon dioxide
2) protect the body via the immune system and clot to prevent blood loss
3) regulate body temp and fluid temperature
Components of blood
Plasma = 54% of blood. 92% water and 8% protein. in charge of transport and delivery of nutrients
White blood cells = fight infection
Platelets = clot bleeding
red blood cells = carry oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our bodies
Circulatory system organs
heart = pump blood around the body
arteries = carry blood away from the heart
veins = carry blood to the heart
capillaries = connect veins and arteries whilst distributing materials such as oxygen, between the blood and tissue cells.
Systematic and pulmonary circulatory systems
Systemic circulation: the circuit of blood to and from the body
Pulmonary circulation: the circuit of blood to and from the lungs
The cardiac cycle
The process of the heart receiving blood and pumping to the lungs is called the cardiac cycle
1) diastole phase = the filling phase
2) systole phase = the atria contract to fill ventricles then the ventricle contracts to push blood under pressure to the lungs and other parts of the body.
blood pressure
the force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels. it generally reflects the quantity of blood being pushed our of the heart and the ease or difficulty it encounters through the arteries.
affected by... cardiac output volume of blood circulation resistance to blood flow Venous return
two phases
1) Diastolic
2) Systolic
Physical fitness components
Health related
1) Muscular strength
2) Muscular endurance
3) cardiovascular endurance
4) flexibility
5) body composition
Skill related
1) power
2) speed
3) agility
4) coordination
5) balence
6) reaction time
F.I.T.T principle
Frequency = 3-4 times/week Intensity = between 60%-80% depending on fitness level Time = changes but about 30 minutes per day Type = is the exercise valid?
Immediate physiological responses to training
Heart Rate = BPM
Ventilation Rate = Amount of time spent inhaling and exhaling
Stroke Volume = Amount of blood ejected by the heart per contraction
Cardiac Output = The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
Lactate Levels = Chemical formed in the body during the breakdown of carbs in absence of oxygen. This increases to a point called the Lactate inflection point (80-90% of MHR). The accumulation of lactate and hydrogen irons is to great for the body to deal with
Value of Outdoor Recreation
ASHES
- Appreciating the environment
- Stress management/relaxation
- Health and fitness
- Enjoyment, challenge and excitement
- Social interaction
Campsite selection
Water - adequate amounts. 4m above river bed
Site - flat ground and free of sticks, rocks, bones,
animals. clear of dead tree limbs. Sand or grass?
Fires - are their fire bands? is there an existing fireplace
Toilet Facility - Are there toilet facilities. position the toilet
away from water supply and downwind camp
Camp site waste disposal - carry put everything that is
carried in. pick up any rubbish found
Privacy and Shelter - is the area secluded? Does the site
provide shelter from prevailing winds? sun or shade?
Hazards - Swampy areas that may attract mosquitos.
potential hazards like cliffs, dead trees, falling rocks
and mine shafts
Stages of Group Development
1) Forming
- most team members are positive and polite. Leader plays a dominant role because groups roles and responsibilities aren’t clear
2) Storming
- Teams can fail. People may work in different ways, leading to conflict which can cause frustration. may challenge for authority. may question the worth of the team goal.
3) Norming
- People may start to resolve differences, appreciate colleagues strengths and respect leaders. may socialise better, provide better constructive feedback and progress towards goal. may lapse between storming and norming
4) Transforming
- little to none friction to achieving goal. The structures/processes set up are working well. leaders can delegate work and concentrate on developing team members
5) Adjourning
- Completing their goal and moving on. some may find this hard
Leadership Styles
1) Autocratic (authoritarian) = their way or no way. may use threats or yelling. appropriate in emergency or high risk scenario
2) Democratic = Seeks input from participants but ultimately has the decision. not as effective when quick decision is needed
3) Strategic non-intervention = Similar to democratic but sets out rules and instructions and then lets the group decide on how to run themselves. They step in when there is safety issues and may guide pathways
4) Lassez-faire = Leader essentially does very little. allow all decision and choices to be made bu the group regardless of outcome
First Aid
Administrator to help save a persons life or prevent the situation from getting worse
DRSABCD
Danger = check for dangers and hazards to everyone
Response = Assess the level of consciousness of the casualty (C.O.W.S)
Send for help
Airways = Open, clear and maintain the casualties airways. Check for signs of life
Breathing = if casualty is not breathing commence rescue breathing
Compressions = If no signs of life commence cardiopulmonary resuscitation which is a combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths
Defibrillation = Where possible ensure a defibrillator is utilised as quickly as possible
C.O.W.S
Determine an individuals ability to respond
Can you hear me
Open your eyes
What is your name
Squeeze my hands
Compressions
Adult = 2 hands 1/3 of chest Kid = 1 hand 1/3 of chest baby = two fingers 1/3 of chest
Medical Conditions
1) Stroke
Caused by a sudden blockage of blood to the brain
-> signs/symptoms - slurred speech, blurred vision, pupils may be irregular size, loss of movement, possible seizures, possible loss of conscious
-DRSABCD
2) Diabetes
A condition where the body is unable to either enough produce or regulate insulin and causes high blood sugar
-> signs/symptoms - loss of body weight despite increased appetite, increased urination, increased thirst and hunger, irritability, aggressiveness, possible palpitations, rapid pulse, profuse sweating, trembling, hunger, aggression, dizziness
- meals at regular intervals, eat complex carbs not simple, regular exercise, appropriate timing of insulin, avoid large amounts of fat. DRSABCD, if conscious, administer glucose and drink as required
3) Asthma
A condition whereby breathing difficulties are experienced due to constriction of airways in the lungs
-> signs symptoms - tightness in chest, sweating and paleness, fast shallow breathing, hunched body posture, excessive throat clearing, laboured breathing, difficulty in exhalation, increase in pulse rate, wheezing noises
- reassure the person, assist with medication, monitor breathing, provide water for them to drink, encourage controlled breathing and relaxation, seek medical help if their condition deteriorates
S.T.O.P
- used in non-life threatening situations
- used to prevent further injury
Stop
Talk
Observe
Prevent Further Injury
ToTaps
Determine its severity. If emergency treatment is not needed
Talk - get a clear picture of the incident
Observe - look for obvious deformities
Touch - Seek permission to lightly tough the affected
area
Active movement - Ask individual to move affected area
Passive Movement - the first aider gently moves the
effected area
Skills test - Individual completes basic skills test to see if
ok to continue
Moral Obligations
- During an emergency situation there are ‘moral responsibilities to act in accordance with training.
- Those first aid trained would be considered responsible to assist and irresponsible to do nothing
- Can i help? should i help? what if i make the situation worse?
- put them-self in their shoes
- ‘responsible citizenship’ is the idea that people should help to the best of their ability.
Basic common-sense is vital
Debriefing
- This involves obtaining information about the circumstances of the incident.
- make sure as much information is gathered as possible. All descriptions are accurate and you remain impartial
What does the individual need to consider in administering first aid?
1) Infection control and protection (HIV/AIDS, Blood borne viruses such as hepatitis,
2) Legal and Moral dilemmas (legal implications)
