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Z BIOL 8 The control of gene expression > 20.2 Stem cells and totipotency > Flashcards

20.2 Stem cells and totipotency Flashcards

1
Q

cell differentiation is

A

process in which each cell develops into a specialised structure suited to the role it will carry out

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2
Q

stem cells are

A

cells that retain the ability differentiate into other cells in mature mammals
undifferentiated dividing cells (self renewal)

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3
Q

totipotent cells

A

can mature into any body cell e.g. fertilized eggs and early cells derived from eggs

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4
Q

example of cells differentiating and becoming specialised for a particular function
mesophyll and muscle cells..

A

mesophyll cells become specialised for photosynthesis

muscle cells become specialised for contraction

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5
Q

the ways in which genes are prevented from expressing themselves

A

preventing transcription and so preventing production of mRNA
preventing translation

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6
Q

how do cells become specialised

A

during process of cell specialisation only some genes are expressed (only part of the DNA is translated into proteins

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7
Q

where are stem cells found

A

adult animal tissues

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8
Q

where do stem cells originate in mammals

A

Embryonic stem cells
Umbilical cord blood stem cells
Placental stem cells
Adult stem cells

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9
Q

Embryonic stem cells

  1. where do they come from?
  2. ability to differentiate?
A
  1. embryos in early stages of development

2. into any type of cell

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10
Q

Umbilical cord stem cells

  1. where do they come from
  2. ability to differentiate?
A
  1. from the umbilical cord
  2. similar to adult stem cells.. (specific to a particular tissue or organ within which they produce the cells to maintain and repair tissues throughout)
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11
Q

Placental stem cells

  1. where do they come from?
  2. ability to differentiate?
A
  1. placenta

2. develop into specific types of cells

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12
Q

Adult stem cells

  1. where do they come from
  2. ability to differentiate?
A
  1. body tissues of the fetus through to the adult
  2. specific to a particular tissue or organ within which they produce the cells to maintain and repair tissues throughout
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13
Q

the 4 types of stem cells (classified by ability to differentiate)

A

Totipotent stem cells
Pluripotent stem cells
Multipotent stem cells
Unipotent stem cells

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14
Q

Pluripotent cells

  1. where are they found?
  2. ability to differentiate?
  3. example?
A
  1. found in embryos
  2. can differentiate into almost any type of cell
  3. embryonic stem cells and fetal stem cells
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15
Q

Multipotent stem cells

  1. where are they found?
  2. ability to differentiate?
  3. example ?
A
  1. adults
  2. differentiate into a limited number of specialised cells
  3. adult stem cells and umbilical cord blood stem cells
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16
Q

Unipotent stem cells

  1. where are they found?
  2. ability to differentiate?
A
  1. derived from multipotent stem cells. made in adult tissue.
  2. only differentiate into a single type of cell
17
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS)

  1. what are they produced from
  2. what type of stem cell are they
  3. how do they acquire characteristics of embryonic stem cells
  4. a feature of particular interest
A
  1. Unipotent cell
  2. Pluripotent stem cell
  3. genetically altered in a lab. involves inducing genes and transcriptional factors within the cell to express themselves (turning on turned off cells)
  4. capable of self renewal (could potentially replace embryonic stem cells in medical research. overcoming ethical issues!
18
Q

potential uses of human cells produced from stem cells

  1. Heart muscles cells
  2. Skeletal muscle cells
  3. B cells of the pancreas
  4. Nerve cells
  5. Blood cells
  6. skin cells
  7. Bone cells
  8. Cartilage cells
  9. Retina cells of the eye
A
  1. Heart damage e.g. from a heart attack
  2. Muscular dystrophy
  3. Type 1 diabetes
  4. Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, strokes, alzheimers disease, paralysis due to spinal injury
  5. Burns and wounds
  6. Osteporosis
  7. Osteoarthritis
  8. Macular degeneration

Z BIOL 8 The control of gene expression (16 decks)

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