2017-04-06 Exam 2 Flashcards
Theory of mind
- thinking about thinking
- realizing that people believe other things
- important for social skills
- usually around four years old
Childhood egocentrism
everyone believes the same thing you believe
EX: everyone likes the same dessert as you
overregularization
- common language error
- using tenses incorrectly
“I doned it”
overextension
- common language error
- calling everything the same thing
“cat is all animals”
underextension
- common language error
- only calling one thing that thing
“only a banana is a fruit
Vygotsky’s theory of early childhood cognitive development
- language skills are the foundation for other skills (problem solving, planning, categorizing_
- EX: kid can’t think of a way to solve a problem if they can’t think of it in words (language)
Piaget’s theory of early childhood cognitive development
- pre-operational stage: can’t understand conservation but they can represent things in their mind (mental pictures)
language development in multilingual children
can get them confused, but then fades out, only keeps if they continue to use the other language(s)
benefits of reminiscing
- helps children think abstractly about things that aren’t tangible
- helps with emotional development, regulation, narrative skills, theory of mind sooner
early childhood education
- long-term financial pay off
- less incarceration, do well in high school
(less expensive than incarceration) - academic based preschools aren’t good, stress kids out
- child-centered preschools are better, help with socialization
- head-start programs are good but the effects don’t last; help with vocab, oral health, and parental sensitivity
Marshmallow test
experiment where kids have a marshmallow in front of them, they have to wait to eat it and they can get a second.
- shows they can wait for gratification, and are less impulsive
Authoritarian child-rearing style
- possibly some rules, but rules used as justification
- low acceptance and involvement, low autonomy granting; high in coercive control
EX: when going to bed: very strict on bedtime, no explanation of rules
Authoritative child-rearing style
- more explanation with rules, parent-child relationship
- high acceptance and involvement, appropriate autonomy granting, adaptive control
EX: when going to bed: would come to an agreement on bedtime, let child be aware of consequences of staying up
Permissive child-rearing style
- warm and accepting, but uninvolved
- either overindulgent or unattentive, therefor engage in little control
EX: when going to bed: let kid stay up, no information of consequences, etc.
gender typing
children assign gender to objects and people based on appearance
- EX: children thinking someone is a girl for having ears pieced
gender role conformity
- extent to which gender expression adheres to cultural norms (the binary)
- cisgender people can also be gender non-conforming
EX: someone expressing only femininity, or masculinity, but not at once (oh no!)
gender and sex
- both on a spectrum
- Gender: social-legal status (socially constructed)
- Sex: determined by biological, physical characteristics
(however, “biology” is really referring to the social meaning; and “biological sex” is socially constructed too [ex: intersex people])
gender identity
internal feelings of identity in terms of gender
gender expression
- manifestations of characteristics culturally defined by masculine or feminine
- ways we express our internal feelings of gender
