2015 mock spotter

Question 1

what type of joint is the costal cartilage?

Answer 1

primary cartilaginous.

made up of hyaline cartilage

Question 2

what joint is at the sternal angle?

Answer 2

secondary cartilaginous made of fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage.

others incude the pubic symphysis and the IV discs

Question 3

what is a condyloid joint?

Answer 3

a type of synovial joint. eg. radio carpal joint at the wrist.

Question 4

what is a synovial joint?

Answer 4

contains synovial fluid within articular capsules - these joints allow more movement. e.g. hip joint

Question 5

give an example of a fibrous joint

Answer 5

the distal tibio-fibular joint is a type of fibrous joint known as syndesmoses, which allow little movement and exist between long bones.

Other types of fibrous joints include sutures (found in the skull) and gomphoses (between the root of a tooth and a socket in the maxilla/mandible).

Question 6

where in the body can you find hyaline cart?

Answer 6

bronchi and trachea are lined by hyaline cart.

eppiglottis and external ear are made of elastic cart.

menisci are made up of fibrocartilage

Question 7

what is after load?

Answer 7

pressure against which the heart must contact to eject blood during systole

Question 8

how to tell difference between different parts of the colon?

Answer 8

ascending and descending are retroperitoneal, they don’t have mesentery.

Question 9

4 layers of GI tract from innermost to outermost?

Answer 9

mucosa (epithelium, LP and MM)

submucosa (larger vessels, nerves, lymphatics, glands)

muscularis propria (inner circular and outer longitudinal layer)

serosa (adventitia)

Question 10

true vocal chords - which type of epithelium?

Answer 10

stratified squamous epithelium, as they constantly adduct and vibrate during phonation. constant sloughing.

Question 11

which laryngeal muscle is responsible for normal breathing?

Answer 11

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is the only abductor of the vocal cords

Question 12

innervation of cricothyroid muscle?

Answer 12

external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

Question 13

rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis?

Answer 13

phosphofructokinease

Question 14

which stages of glycolysis require the “investment” of ATP?

Answer 14

steps 1 and 3

Question 15

15. What is the net gain of energy-rich molecules from glycolysis per molecule of glucose?

Answer 15

glycolysis → net gain of 2 NADH, 2 ATP per glucose

Question 16

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 16

b. The maximal volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled following a normal expiration

Question 17

which structures are included in the basal ganglia?

Answer 17

subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, putamen.

thalamus is not!!

Question 18

what structure mainly forms the food of the 4th ventricle?

Answer 18

Cerebellum mostly forms the roof of the fourth ventricles. Remember for the foramina of the 4th ventricle magendie = medial, luschka = lateral

Question 19

If fertilisation and implantation take place what happens to the Corpus luteum?

Answer 19

the corpus luteum will continue to secrete progesterone and small amounts of oestrogen for around 4 weeks until the growing placenta takes over.

Question 20

.Which hormone(s) is/are required for proliferative endometrium to become secretory endometrium?

Answer 20

progesterone and estrogen

In the proliferative phase, the uterine lining and uterine glands become thicker as epithelial and stromal cells undergo mitosis. The endometrial lining builds up to approximately 3.5-5.0mm in height. This phase is under oestrogen control. Oestrogen causes upregulation of oestrogen receptors (thus enhancing its own effect) and progesterone receptors, to prime the endometrium and enable it to respond to progesterone in the luteal phase

In the secretory phase, after ovulation has occurred, the glands become convoluted and dilated with secretions. The spiral arteries that supply the glands become more prominent, and increasingly corkscrew in appearance. This phase is stimulated primarily by progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum

Question 21

what structure runs through inguinal canal in women?

Answer 21

round ligament.
passes through inguinal canal to labia major where its fibres attach to the mons pubis. Ilioinguinal nerve passes through superficial ring but not deep ring, doesn’t go through whole canal

Question 22

which blood cell is especially important in the adaptive immune system?

Answer 22

lymphocytes (T and B lymphocytes)

Question 23

what stains darker distal or proximal tubules?

Answer 23

proximal

Question 24

The juxta-glomerular apparatus releases a hormone. What is the function of this hormone?

Answer 24

it is renin and it converts angiontensinogen into angiotensin I. ACE from the lungs then converts it to II

Question 25

which parasympathetic nerve is responsible for micrutition?

Answer 25

Pelvic splanchnic nerve, which causes contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal sphincter. The hypogastric nerve is responsible for the sympathetic innervation which relaxes the detrusor muscle and causes contraction of the internal sphincter therefore allowing storage of urine. The pudendal nerve is related to control of the external urethral sphincters and is under somatic control. The genitofemoral nerve and ilioinguinal nerve innervate the areas around the genitals and groin.