2015 mock spotter Flashcards
what type of joint is the costal cartilage?
primary cartilaginous.
made up of hyaline cartilage
what joint is at the sternal angle?
secondary cartilaginous made of fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage.
others incude the pubic symphysis and the IV discs
what is a condyloid joint?
a type of synovial joint. eg. radio carpal joint at the wrist.
what is a synovial joint?
contains synovial fluid within articular capsules - these joints allow more movement. e.g. hip joint
give an example of a fibrous joint
the distal tibio-fibular joint is a type of fibrous joint known as syndesmoses, which allow little movement and exist between long bones.
Other types of fibrous joints include sutures (found in the skull) and gomphoses (between the root of a tooth and a socket in the maxilla/mandible).
where in the body can you find hyaline cart?
bronchi and trachea are lined by hyaline cart.
eppiglottis and external ear are made of elastic cart.
menisci are made up of fibrocartilage
what is after load?
pressure against which the heart must contact to eject blood during systole
how to tell difference between different parts of the colon?
ascending and descending are retroperitoneal, they don’t have mesentery.
4 layers of GI tract from innermost to outermost?
mucosa (epithelium, LP and MM)
submucosa (larger vessels, nerves, lymphatics, glands)
muscularis propria (inner circular and outer longitudinal layer)
serosa (adventitia)
true vocal chords - which type of epithelium?
stratified squamous epithelium, as they constantly adduct and vibrate during phonation. constant sloughing.
which laryngeal muscle is responsible for normal breathing?
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is the only abductor of the vocal cords
innervation of cricothyroid muscle?
external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis?
phosphofructokinease
which stages of glycolysis require the “investment” of ATP?
steps 1 and 3
- What is the net gain of energy-rich molecules from glycolysis per molecule of glucose?
glycolysis → net gain of 2 NADH, 2 ATP per glucose
expiratory reserve volume
b. The maximal volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled following a normal expiration
which structures are included in the basal ganglia?
subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, putamen.
thalamus is not!!
what structure mainly forms the food of the 4th ventricle?
Cerebellum mostly forms the roof of the fourth ventricles. Remember for the foramina of the 4th ventricle magendie = medial, luschka = lateral
If fertilisation and implantation take place what happens to the Corpus luteum?
the corpus luteum will continue to secrete progesterone and small amounts of oestrogen for around 4 weeks until the growing placenta takes over.
.Which hormone(s) is/are required for proliferative endometrium to become secretory endometrium?
progesterone and estrogen
In the proliferative phase, the uterine lining and uterine glands become thicker as epithelial and stromal cells undergo mitosis. The endometrial lining builds up to approximately 3.5-5.0mm in height. This phase is under oestrogen control. Oestrogen causes upregulation of oestrogen receptors (thus enhancing its own effect) and progesterone receptors, to prime the endometrium and enable it to respond to progesterone in the luteal phase
In the secretory phase, after ovulation has occurred, the glands become convoluted and dilated with secretions. The spiral arteries that supply the glands become more prominent, and increasingly corkscrew in appearance. This phase is stimulated primarily by progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum
what structure runs through inguinal canal in women?
round ligament.
passes through inguinal canal to labia major where its fibres attach to the mons pubis. Ilioinguinal nerve passes through superficial ring but not deep ring, doesn’t go through whole canal
which blood cell is especially important in the adaptive immune system?
lymphocytes (T and B lymphocytes)
what stains darker distal or proximal tubules?
proximal
The juxta-glomerular apparatus releases a hormone. What is the function of this hormone?
it is renin and it converts angiontensinogen into angiotensin I. ACE from the lungs then converts it to II
which parasympathetic nerve is responsible for micrutition?
Pelvic splanchnic nerve, which causes contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal sphincter. The hypogastric nerve is responsible for the sympathetic innervation which relaxes the detrusor muscle and causes contraction of the internal sphincter therefore allowing storage of urine. The pudendal nerve is related to control of the external urethral sphincters and is under somatic control. The genitofemoral nerve and ilioinguinal nerve innervate the areas around the genitals and groin.
