2015 Deck Flashcards
What is likely to happen if a bit is fitted too low in a horses mouth?
Can hit the horses teeth, get tongue over the bit, discomfort for the horse
In a double bridle, when the reins are not uniform in width, which rein is the widest?
Snaffle rein
What is the best feeding management for horses in meal size and frequency?
Many small frequent meals through out the day
When a horse travels with all four feet treading a very narrow line, this is called?
Rope walking
What is meant by “one horse length” and how is this concept utilized?
The distance between two horses traveling the same direction, allows second rider to see front horses legs
The waxy substance that forms a protective coating on the surface of the hoof and is responsible for the control of evaporation and moisture content within the hoof
Periople
The process in which food is broken down into simple units which can be absorbed into the bloodstream to be used for energy, growth,
maintenance, tissue repair, or stored for future use:
Digestion
Name six symptoms of colic
Rolling, standing and the lying down repeatedly
Biting or kicking at stomach
Lack of appetite
Dull
Increased respiration, heart rate, and temp
Sweating
What is the difference between lateral aids and diagonal aids. Explain these for a canter depart.
Lateral aids are all done on the same side of the horse, diagonal aids with the hand and leg that are on opposite sides of each other
Lateral left lead canter depart:’left leg at girth holding, right leg behind girth active, left direct rein holding, right direct rein active
Diagonal left lead canter depart: right leg active behind girth, left leg at girth holding, left direct rein active, right direct rein holding
A horse that stands pigeon toed (or toes in) tends to travel:
Paddling outward
True or false: Very straight upward pasterns may predispose a horse to navicular.
True
What are the purpose of side reins? What seats utilize them and how are the utilized?
Hep develop a proper headset while lunging
Used by hunter/jumper, and sometimes dressage
Composed of leather and elastic, run from bit to both sides of the horse
When using a bit that has two reins and you want to run one of the reins through the rings of the martingale, which reins would be used for this? What English bridle should never utilize a running martingale with it?
The snaffle rein through the rings
Never use double or full bridle on a running martingale
What are drop nosebands? How are they utilized and by what seats primarily?
Dressage, but not in style - keeps mouth closed and bit in place
The semi horny projection which protrudes from the rear base of the fetlock joint is called:
Ergot
The lateral and medial metacarpals are commonly called:
Splint bones
What problems will the rider have if the saddle position is too far back from its ideal position on the horse’s back? (Explain 2)
Rider will be left behind the motion - will not be over the horses center of gravity
Can cause back pain in the horse -puts pressure on the horses kidneys
What is the common term for fluid retention in the lower legs of some horses whose activities have been greatly restricted?
Stocking - up
What part of the foot aids in absorbing concussion, circulation, and regulating moisture?
frog
What problems will the ride have if the saddle is placed too far forward from its ideal position on the horse’s back?
- rider will be ahead of the horses motion
- presses down on horses withers limiting shoulder motion
True or false: a mule foot is one which is narrow at the heels with straight upright hoof walls
True
True or false: if a horse is lame in his right hind front foot, he will most likely be lamer when lunge clockwise
True
True or false: bone composition reaches maturity as the horse reaches its fifth or sixth birthday and stays at the approximate density and strength from that point on.
False
True or false: a blemish will result in an unsound horse
False
True or false: Oats are lower in protein than corn
False
What is the weakest region of the horse’s back?
Lumbar region / loins
What is the name of a swelling on the back surface of the rear cannon about four inches below the point of the hock?
Curb
Who is the Italian Calvary officer who revolutionized riding in his time and what seat did he invent or develop?
Federico Caprilli who revolutionized the forward seat which is still used today - hunter/jumper
The tendon most often involved in a bow is the
Superficial digital flexor tendon
Describe the proper adjustment of a running martingale and standing martingale. Which is more severe?
.
What type of metal is sometimes found on the mouthpieces of bits and is intended to make a horse salivate or have a moister mouth?
Copper
What is the term for a horse eating his own manure and why might a horse do this?
Coprophagy helps fiber digestion - establishes bacterial population in gut
-horse may be bored or lacking fiber in diet
A pastern that slopes too much
A)decreases concussion of the bones in the horses lower leg
B) results in a horse with an increased susceptibility to tendon injuries in the lower leg
C) increases strain on the suspensory ligaments and proximal sesamoid bones
D) all of the above
D) all of the above
Explain two points of the horses digestive system that make it practically impossible for it to vomit
Peristalsis - waves of muscular contraction in which the muscles only move one way, making it impossible for the food to go anywhere but down the esophagus
Cardiac sphincter muscle - closes connection between stomach and esophagus
Joint capsule distinsions, without lameness, in the area of the fetlock are called:
wind puffs
Why are splints more common in horses under the age of six?
Bones have not matured, growth plates are not yet fully developed
A horses inability to vomit leads to what end result?
Choke
What are draw reins used for?
Used while riding, set a horse’s head and encourages flexion of the poll
This condition is the result of lack of frog pressure. The foot will become narrow at the heels and the frog will become shrunken and recessed.
Contracted heels
Explain the use of voice aids when working with or riding a horse?
Used to quiet, soothe, warn, encourage
Urge forward, or to slow down
Reprimand
What is the purpose of longlining or ground driving, and what seats utilize this?
All seats utilize this - develops steering
-can excercise the horse safely on the ground without being on their back
How is moldy tack stripped and tack put back into good working order?
Amonia, Clorox, or rubbing alcohol, then condition and oil
Store in a clean dry place - will need weekly care
What can be used to extend the length of an English girth
Girth extended
What is the purpose/use of excercise or quarter rugs?
Help keep the muscle mass of the horses hindquarters warm on cold days
Cooler used while riding to prevent muscle cramping
What is the name of the vital signs test where you are pressing your finger on the gums of your horse long enough to create a white spot on the pink surface and then release it? Explain what you are testing for, what will happen; and the results you want.
Capillary refill time
- should refill and return to normal pink color within 1-2 seconds
- area will appear white or pale then refill with color
- time takes to refill is indicative of whether or not there is a problem
- if slow, horse is dehydrated, possibly shocks
There are two places on the horse to utilize the skin pinch test to check for dehydration. Where are these two spots and what should you expect to see? What would mean normal and what abnormal?
On the neck or eyelid
- pinch the skin into a tent and release, should take 1-2 seconds to return to normal (flat skin)
- if it takes longer, sign of dehydration
- can take longer than normal if it is an older horse
When a horse has a displaced patella, he is said to be or have
Stifled
Which of the following bones is involved in cases of laminitis?
Coffin
Laminae
Which of the following internal parasites most severely debilitated the mature horse?
Large strongyles (bloodworms)
A horse is measure from:
The ground to his withers
A female horse 3 years old or younger is called a what?
Filly
When a horse rests one front foot about 10-12 inches ahead of the other in an effort to reduce weight on the affect side, this action is called what and may indicate what problems?
Pointing, navicular
When the lateral cartilages of the coffin bone calcify, the horse is said to have what unsoundness?
sidebone
What is the jockey club?
Thoroughbred Racehorse Registry
What was the first book written on horsemanship, who wrote it, and when was it written?
The Art of Horsemanship
Xenophon
360 BC
Name three reasons a horse can develop a sore back?
Poor saddle fit
Poor top line
Off balanced rider
Explain the multiple uses of the terms “inside” and “outside” when riding a horse that relate to where you are riding and your horse
Can refer to position on the rail or the direction in which the horse is bending
Outside is toward the rail, inside is toward the middle of the arena or the circle
Why are teeth floated and how often should it be done?
Help maintain even wear on the horse’s teeth and control sharp edges
Should be done once a year after horse reaches 18 months
Corn is high in energy and low in what compared to other grains fed to horses?
Protein
What does a balanced ration refer to?
The amount of mixture of feeds that provides the horse with its nutrient requirements for a 24 hour period
What are five possible signs of an abscess in the foot?
1) pain - responding to hoof testers
2) lameness
3) heat
4) increasing digital pulse
What is proud flesh?
Granulation tissue - tissue that becomes overactive and protrudes as it tries to heal
What are three possible problems that may cause a horse’s eye to be cloudy in appearance?
1) cornea ulcer
2) moonblindness
3) cataracts
What are three problems that moldy hay can cause for the horse?
1) colic
2) abortion
3) respiration diseases
What does water do to horses feet and why can this sometimes be a problem such as when you give baths?
- can make the hooves weak, soft, and lose elasticity
- cause the horn to peel and separate making it hard to hold a shoe
- can cause thrush and heel scratches
What is rotation worming? Why and how is it done?
Alternating wormers so worms do not develop immunity to dose given
What is the Galvaynes groove and what does it indicate?
Groove on surface of top 2 upper corner incisors
Can be used to determine horses age
What is the maximum height that a pony can be according to USEF?
14.2 hands and under
What is a bosal?
Rawhide or braided leather nose and with one attachment for reins below the horses chin
- works with direct pressure - 2 hands
Used in western with junior horses
What is a mechanical hackamore?
Works on leverage without bit
Includes shanks and usually a chin chain
What is a tie down?
Western version of a standing martingale, restricts movement of horse’s head
Name three equine tranquilizers
1) ace
2) rompun
3) detomedine
4) dimorsedan
Describe the vision of a horse? What are the visual fields, ability to see distance, night visions, etc. How do they see? Be able to diagram this
.
What are the signs of choking in a horse? What is treatment?
.
Why is banding utilized and what breeds utilize it?
Keeps mane looking tidy and flat - used for western stock horses such as Quarter and Paint horses
Diagram the footfalls for a right lead canter.
Left hind, diagonal pair, right front
Unnatural wear of the teeth is associated with:
Cribbing
Which classification of nutrients is most commonly fed to meet the horses energy requirements?
Carbohydrates
The opposite condition of a nice large eye is called a
Pig eye
Which would be more likely to cause founder: too much alfalfa hay or too much Timothy hay?
Alfalfa
Why is it possible for the veterinarian to pass a stomach tube through the nose of the horse and have it wind it up in the stomach?
.
Describe two functions of the bacteria in the horses digestive system:
1) digest fiber
2) produce amino acids
What are the six nutrients needed by the horse to sustain life?
1) minerals
2) vitamins
3) water
4) fats
5) proteins
6) carbohydrates
The extreme depletion of body fluids, resulting in excretion or insufficient water intake is called:
Dehydration
What is the purpose of rigid stirrup pads?
For better grip on the riders boots
Why would you choose a running martingale or a standing martingale?
Running - proper headset, works on mouth
Standing - prevents evasion of bit
Why would you choose rubber reins over laced reins or vice versa. What are the benefits/detriments of either?
Rubber - provides sure grip but are thicker, stiffer, and more clumsy
Laced - can be pulled out of riders hands, but easier to adjust
Who uses figure eight caves sons and why?
Jumpers, dressage can but not in style
Keeps the mouth closed and the bit in place
Works off of more points on the face than a dropped nose band
What could be used on a snaffle bit to prevent the ring from being pulled through the horse’s mouth?
Bit guards or curb/chin strap
What are the three weight aids and when would each be used?
1) weight on both seat bones - collect, send forward
2) weight on one seat bone - AIDS in turning
3) easing the weight on the seat bones -
Helps cold backed or sore horses cantering or jumping
Explain the two standard leg aid positions and when each would be utilized? What are other leg positions that could be utilized and when are they used?
1) at the girth - effects the entire horse, to send the horse forward (walk, Trot)
2) behind the girth - controls lateral displacement of haunches, when asking for leg yields, turn on the forehand
Leg in shoulder - used to park out in saddleseat
Explain the benefits or reasons why it is better to lunge a horse in a cavesson versus a halter
The cavesson has many rings, is more adjustable, exerts more direct pressure on nose, offers greater control
What is the discussion about the use of leather halters vs nylon halters?
Leather will break if a horse gets stuck on something, while nylon will not, but is cheaper and durable
A horse indicates displeasure or discomfort by
..
What functions do leather bit keepers perform and what are the used on?
Used to keep a full cheek in the correct place in the horse’s mouth
What is the difference between high ring bone and low ring bone?
High effects bottom portion of a long pastern/upper portion of short pastern
Low involves bottom short pastern and coffin bone where they meet
Exotics is in the fetlock joint is known as:
Osselets
Who wrote the book “Saddle Seat Equitation” and is considered one of the most famous instructors in that seat?
Helen K Crabtree
The union between two bones, movable or not is know as a
Joint
What disease does the coggins test screen for? Give the full name
Equine Infectious Anemia, EIA
What is the name of the condition that can occur when a horses leg is wrapped over a liniment that is not made for bandaging
Blistering
List three benefits of daily grooming
Proper hygiene
Bonding time
Check for injuries
List the two basic classifications of hays and give two examples of each
Grass - Timothy, brome
Legume - alfalfa and clover
What is meant when we say horses are gregarious in nature? Give an example of the importance of understanding this tendency
Herd animal
When trail riding in a group or riding out in a field
Which bedding is highly toxic and should never be used with horses?
Walnut
True or false 97 degrees is within the normal range for an adult horses temperature
False
True or False: Usually the front feet are more prone to contracted heels than the hind feet
True
True or false: a navicular horse lands on his toes while a foundered horse lands on his heels
True
What does IM mean in reference to shots?
Intramuscular
Name an anti-inflammatory drug, similar to but more expensive than bute but should not be given IM as it can cause major complications.
Banamine
What is the correct Calcium to Phosphorus ratio for the horse
2:1
What type of pasterns predispose the horse to injury of the flexor tendons, sesamoid bones, and suspensory ligaments?
Long and sloping
What is the most common cause of capped hocks?
Stall kicking
Which of the following minerals are needed in the greatest amounts for skeletal growth and optimal bone density?
Phosphorus and calcium
Why can a horse colic from radical change in feed?
Kills gut flora because hey have not been given sufficient time to adjust and it releases toxins
What is it called when a horse is unable to pass food down the esophagus?
Choke
Vitamins are divided into main classifications. What are they?
Fat
Water soluble
Name four classifications or types of colic
Impaction
Gas
Sand
Torsion
Connective tissue bands that connect muscle to bone are called what?
Tendons
When the toe of the hind foot hits the bottom of the front foot on the same side, the horse is said to be doing what?
Forging (overreaching)
The normal temperature range for a mature horse at rest under normal conditions:
99-101 degrees
Define and compare the phrases animal welfare and animal rights
Welfare - health of animal, that basic necessities are being met (food, water, etc)
Rights - animals should have civil rights, be free, same rights as humans
Explain how and where to apply a hoof dressing such as hooflex, to a horses hoof. Why is it important to apply it in this manner?
Around coronary band and heel, moisturizes and strengthens hoof wall while promoting healthy growth
What can happen to a horses leg if it is set up in a bandage that is too tight in some areas and restricts the normal blood circulation?
Cording - permanent marks or tendon damage
Why is it important never to wrap a chain over or under a horses chin when you tie the animal?
They could pull back and cause cartilage damage - could scare themselves and cause more damage - could possibly result in not being able to be tied again
True or false - the use of cold water on the horses that are experiencing heat stress of stroke is positively indicated in order to get the temperature down
True
Why is it important to not feed moldy or spoiled feed to a horse? What could these cause?
Bacteria can cause founder, colic, and other illnesses
Discuss three factors that will affect how much water a horse will need to drink in a day
Work load
Weather
Types of feed
What is the every day name for the anti inflammatory drug that is most commonly used for horses?
Bute
Feeding a high carbohydrates ration to a fit horse that is not worked could result in what health problem the next time the horse is worked?
Tying up or azoturia
What is the name for when the lower jaw is situated behind the plan of the top jaw
Parrot mouth
True or false: thrush is bacterial infection that is commonly a result of standing in a damp and dirty environment
True
An abnormal deviation in the fiction of the horse that can affect wind, limb, or eyesight is called a:
Unsoundness
A horse shoe with a rolled toe is used to:
Allow the foot to break over more easily
The range for the respiration rate for an adult horse at rest under normal conditions is
8-16 bpm
True or false: it is desirable for a horse to have short forearms and long cannon bones
False
True or false: Dressage horses in this country can be shown with braided tails
False
True of false: a blemish does not interfere with the serviceability of the horse but can detract from his appearance
True
A gallop is a fast four beated gait
True
When a nail goes into the sensitive Laminae the horse will be very lame. What is this condition called?
Hot nail
True or False The walk, trot, and canter are natural gaits of a horse, as opposed to the slow fair and rack.
True
Who is George Morris and what seat has he had such an impact on?
.
True or False: the teeth referred to as molars are front, biting teeth
False
True or false: hot applications stimulate removal of accumulated fluids in tissues
True
What part of the horse does the disease thrush affect?
Frog and sole
What is smegma? How often should the area that it is found be cleaned?
An accumulation of natural oil secretions from skin glands in the sheath, penis, and udder. Needs to be cleaned every 4-6 weeks or as often as needed
How is a stack wrap applied to a horses leg?
.
The normal heart rate for an adult horse at rest in normal conditions is:
32-44 bpm
Describe a spider bandage, where and when would it be used?
.
Any irregularity in gait which results from moving with pain is called:
Lameness
True or false: the nutritional value of legume hay is higher than that of grass bay, making it a more valued feed for growing and hard working horses
True
